Roles,requirements and autonomy of academic researchers

As an indicator of nations' prosperity and economic competitiveness, research impacts the mounting roles and requirements placed upon academic researchers. Internationally, researchers are expected to effectively operate in the fast-changing and demanding research environment. Such effectiveness corresponds mainly to their ability to establish international and interdisciplinary collaborations, secure internal and external grants, and most importantly deliver tangible research outputs. As such, this desired research excellence impacts researchers' academic appointments, recognitions and promotions. Driven by research productivity and pursuit of academic excellence, researchers' individual autonomy may become restricted. This work is based on (a) an international study exploring research productivity within higher education institutions across 15 countries and (b) a relevant international literature review. The voices of 32 participants portray competencies required from and requirements placed upon academic researchers at their respective universities. Findings show that the role of academic researchers is changing and the requirements pose challenges to researchers' autonomy. The research productivity quest along with opportunity-driven decisions may not only restrict researchers' autonomy but also compromise their academic integrity.     

Students' perceptions of academic dishonesty in the chemistry classroom laboratory

Although the literature on both academic dishonesty and scientific misconduct is extensive, research on academic dishonesty has focused on quizzes, exams, and papers, with the virtual exclusion of the classroom laboratory. This study examined the distinctions undergraduate chemistry majors made between academic dishonesty in the classroom laboratory and scientific misconduct in the research laboratory. Across the spectrum of undergraduate chemistry courses, from the introductory course for first‐semester chemistry majors to the capstone course in instrumental analysis, we noted that students believe the classroom lab is fundamentally different from a research or industrial lab. This difference is so significant that it carries over into students' perceptions of dishonesty in these two environments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 47–64, 2004     

我国高校学术自主权变迁的实证研究

近20年来我国高校学术自主权的下放总体上呈先快后慢的上升趋势,但高校学术事务的管理权还远远不能达到自主的程度,政府仍然掌握着大部分的学术事务管理权。具体来说,涉及教学的学术事务决策权大部分下放了,而涉及学科发展的自主权基本没有下放。在高校内部,存在行政力量对学术力量综合影响程度减弱的趋势,但关系高校重大发展的资源配置决策权,仍由行政力量主导。对于不涉及重大资源配置的学术事务,学术力量已经在起主导作用。     

Two different types of voice

Chief European Dramatists. Selected and edited by BRANDER MATTHEWS. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916. Cloth, pp. 786. $2.75.

A Handbook of American Speech. By CALVIN L. LEWIS, Chicago: Scott, Foresman, and Co., 1916. Cloth, pp. 246. $0.80.

The Brief: With Selections for Briefing. By CARROLL LEWIS MAXCY. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company, 1916. Cloth, pp. 332. $1.25

The Essentials of Effective Gesture. By JOSEPH A. MOSHER, A.M., Ph.D. New York; Macmillan Co., 1916. Cloth, pp. VII+188. $1.00.

Complete Guide to Public Speaking. Compiled and edited by GRENVILLE KLEISER. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1915. Cloth, pp. XV+639.

AMERICA FIRST. By J. L. MCBRIEN. New York: American Book Company, 1916. Cloth, pp. 288. $0.65.

“The Tonsil and Its Uses”; By RICHARD B. FAULKNER, M.D., Philadelphia: The Blanchard Company, 1916. Paper, pp. 29. $1.00.     

Fostering self-efficacy and self-regulation in higher education: a matter of autonomy support or academic motivation?

ABSTRACT

By implementing student-centred learning environments, higher education institutions aim to foster student self-efficacy and self-regulation. Previous research that focuses on how students perceive these learning environments usually does not take the differential impact of students’ study motivation into account. However, the type of motivation might influence how students perceive their learning environment. To this end, this study investigates the relationship between students’ perceived autonomy support in student-centred learning environments and self-regulation and self-efficacy by taking study motivation into account. The results indicate that autonomy-supportive teacher behaviour enhances self-efficacy for students who are autonomously motivated. Amotivated students might need other than autonomy-supportive teacher behaviour to develop self-efficacy. Self-regulation seems to play a less distinct role. Overall, when examining the effects of autonomy-supportive teaching in higher education, the quality and quantity of students’ motivation has a role to play, an aspect which is important to consider in future research and practice.     

The regulation of public research universities: changes in academic competition and implications for university autonomy and accountability

The changing context of higher education is altering the traditional means by which governments regulate their “research” universities. In a number of countries universities, which are increasigly subject to a global market, have discovered that they require greater management flexibility in order to compete effectively and are therefore seeking relief from traditional government regulations affecting both substantive and procedural matters. At the same time governments wish to assure that the actions of publicly funded universities are consistent with the social values of efficiency, equity, and academic quality. Designing public policies that effectively balance the competitive needs of the university sector with the public interest is a complex issue. The paper presents a general framework for analyzing these regulatory policy issues and illustrates the framework with policies from Europe and the US.     

化学学科教学中的"两纲教育"

目前,上海中小学正进行落实两纲教育的活动."两纲"是指《上海市中小学生命教育指导纲要》和《上海市学生民族精神教育指导纲要》.     

化学教学中研究性学习的两个案例

案例一 :实验室制取乙炔的问题研究本课题主要是基于实验现象和实验改进的化学研究性学习的教学。(一 )问题的提出乙炔的制取和性质实验中有几个问题值得探讨 :①电石和水反应非常剧烈 ,即使用饱和食盐水代替水 ,反应也较激烈 ,起初产生的乙炔气体在收集和性质实验之前不能有效利用而白白浪费掉 ;②反应试管内连续不断地产生大量泡沫外逸 ,常堵塞导管 ,影响实验的进行 ;③反应后容器内的残留物为什么不呈白色 ,而呈深灰 (白 )色 ;④生成的乙炔气体中还含有Ｈ2 Ｓ、ＰＨ3 等杂质 ,它们会影响乙炔的性质实验。于是我们对该实验进行了认真的研…     

化学探究性教学的基本类型及其教学实践

科学的本质是探索未知 ,科学的发现来自于探究的过程。本文结合笔者的教学实践 ,从教学内容的组合与选择阐述化学探究的基本类型。     

工程化学教学中学生学习自我效能感的提高

学习自我效能感是影响学生学习成绩的重要因素。工程化学学习自我效能感是学习自我效能感理论在工程化学学习领域中的具体表现,是学生个体对自己能否在一定水平上完成工程化学学习所具有能力的判断或自信程度的评价。本文在阐明工程化学教学基本原则的基础上,讨论了教师如何在教学过程中有意培养和提升学生的学习自我效能感,以达到良好的教学效果。     

Designing for interaction,thinking and academic achievement in a Tanzanian undergraduate chemistry course

Virtual learning environments are used in higher education around the world to promote student learning. However, in many countries it has not yielded the expected effect on student interaction and learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of certain pedagogical approaches would promote student interaction, higher-order thinking and achievement. 102 undergraduate students taking an introductory chemistry course at a Tanzanian university participated in the study, and were randomly assigned to three groups. Each group first studied one topic using the control design (non-interactive learning, NIL) to establish a baseline. Then each group studied three further topics using different pedagogical approaches (NIL), discussion forums (medium interactive learning) and podcasts (highly interactive learning). Data included interviews, subject tests, and the content of online discussion forums. All qualitative data were coded, and repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze within design and between design effects; student interaction patterns were analyzed using social network analysis. Results show that social interaction, academic achievement and thinking improved progressively over the three topics (iterations) in each design. The changes in instructor pedagogical strategies and the actions of students to bring what they had learned from podcasts to the learning community contributed to the marked improvement. We conclude that effective use of discussion forums in higher education in Tanzania can produce important learning effects (interaction, thinking, and enhanced academic achievement) and is a low-bandwidth strategy, but coupling podcasts with discussion forums may be a powerful way to enhance the effects.     

Victimization and problems of behavior. Two components of profile types of runaway adolescents

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the relationship between two explanatory factors connected to the phenomena of runaways and the homeless among adolescents: behavioral problems of youths and parental violence to which they are subjected. The study demonstrates that these two factors are independently related to the different categories of homeless and runaway adolescents. METHODOLOGY: The data was collected from 130 adolescents (12 to 17 years of age) who were runaways for short periods on a recurring basis. Two subgroups were formed: Group A consisted of 79 adolescents who did not exhibit behavioral problems; Group B consisted of the other 51 who did exhibit them. The two groups had certain similar family characteristics (income levels, parents' occupations, structure and stability of the family). RESULTS: The bivariate analyses reveal significant differences between the two groups of runaways relating to: (1) gender, (2) a diagnosed conduct disorder, (3) affiliations with deviant peers, and (4) experiences of parental violence. The discriminant analysis demonstrates that these four variables clearly differentiate the two groups of runaways and predict the appropriate group membership for 84% of the cases. Therefore, the members of Group B have a higher probability of being diagnosed as having a conduct disorder, being male, and associating with delinquent peers. This group had not experienced a higher level of parental violence. The opposite is true for the members of Group A. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that parental violence and behavioral problems are variables that are independently related to the defined categories of runaways. Therefore, these variables do not constitute, as some thinkers have claimed, the components of a unique dynamic able to explain the phenomenon of the runaway. Our results vitiate the doubts sometimes expressed by researchers about the importance of parental violence to the phenomenon of adolescent runaways.     

美国大学中的行政权力及其对教师学术自由的影响

大学教师的学术自由在当今社会受到越来越多的制约,除了外部社会对大学教师的学术工作提出各种要求外,大学内部的行政权力也对教师的学术自由限制得越来越多。本研究主要通过美国大学的情况,分析大学行政权力影响教师学术自由的历史、表现以及原因,目的是要从保护学术自由的角度出发,让人们更深刻地认识到当今大学行政权力在学术活动中所扮演的角色和地位,从而进一步改进大学管理及其制度,以利于大学中学术的发展。     

Accountability,autonomy and stress: principal responses to superintendent change in a large US urban school district

This study investigates how principals in a large US urban school district responded to two different superintendents who employed contrasting leadership styles and utilised divergent organisational schemes. We originally conducted interviews with principals in 2007, when the district's superintendent asserted fierce performance demands and limited principals’ site-based discretion in favour of protecting and exerting central office power. We conducted interviews again in 2013 after a new superintendent had relaxed school test score expectations and distributed the central office's previously tight, centralised control into largely self-directing sub-regions. Our findings demonstrate that superintendent change noticeably affected how principals understood and encountered accountability, autonomy and stress. To help make sense of our findings, we employ a three-part conceptual framework drawn from the study of educational leadership. We conclude by considering implications, including the notion that unrelenting stress has become a permanent part of the modern urban US principalship.     

Differential impacts of participation in organized activities and maltreatment types on adolescent academic and socioemotional development

Participation in organized activities has been largely regarded as beneficial for academic and socioemotional development for adolescents, but the impacts of various types of organized activities for adolescents at risk for maltreatment have been rarely tested. In this study, we investigated the differential impacts of five types of maltreatment exposure (physical maltreatment, sexual maltreatment, neglect, other type, and multiple types) on the associations between four types of organized activities (mentored groups, art and music clubs, sport clubs, and academic clubs) and academic and socioemotional development (school engagement, delinquency, depressive symptoms, and trauma symptoms) of adolescents who were investigated by Child Protective Services (CPS) for maltreatment exposure. Data came from a national, longitudinal sample of 790 adolescents in contact with CPS in the U.S. After controlling for demographic characteristics of participants and prior levels of each outcome, multiple linear regression models were fitted to the data with interactions between the organized activities and the maltreatment types. The main findings of this study included: 1) adolescents who participated in mentored groups, sport clubs, and academic clubs reported higher levels of school engagement; 2) adolescents who participated in academic clubs reported fewer depressive symptoms; 3) adolescents who participated in art and music clubs reported more trauma symptoms compared to non-participants; and 4) the effects of participation in mentored groups on delinquency and trauma symptoms differed by maltreatment type. These results indicate both possible benefits and risks of organized activity participation for adolescents with certain maltreatment exposures.     

东汉封君之封地地理分布探析

分封制是东汉政治的重要组成部分.东汉封君封地的地理位置及其分布特点是东汉中央掌权者与封君之间政治关系和经济利益的具体体现.东汉的王国与郡之间在建制上是频繁转换的,侯国、汤沐邑与县之间在建制上也是频繁转换的.     

基础教育化学教学类三种期刊有关中学化学实验教学研究文献统计分析

化学是一门以实验为基础的自然科学,以实验为基础是化学教学的最基本特征。实验是学生获取知识、进行知识创新的重要手段,是培养学生的科学态度、提高学生科学素养的重要途径。实验还有助于激发学生学习化学的兴趣,创设生动活泼的教学情景,启迪学生的科学思维,训练学生的科学方法。实验教学是中学化学教学内容的基础和核心。