Redrawing the map: science in twentieth-century China

This essay argues that science in twentieth-century China is a rich topic that can be productively integrated into research and teaching on the history of modern science. It identifies major issues of science in twentieth-century China and demonstrates that they can prove useful to any scholar who wishes to consider science in a comparative and trans/international context. The essay suggests two important steps for a fruitful investigation into the topic of science in twentieth-century China: first, revising the historiographic assumptions and categories that underlie much of the conventional historical narrative of modern science; and, second, breaking free from the tunnel history of national science. To illustrate these points, the essay examines a series of case studies of science in modern China and discusses the relevance of such subjects as scientific nationalism, Maoist mass science, and transnational scientific networks for the understanding of science in the twentieth-century world.     

American Catholicism's science crisis and the Albertus Magnus Guild, 1953-1969

During the middle decades of the twentieth century, American Catholic scientists experienced a sense of crisis owing to the paucity of scientific research performed either by individual Catholics or in Catholic institutions of higher learning. In 1953 the Rev. Patrick Yancey, S.J., the chairman of the biology department at a small Jesuit college and a member of the newly created National Science Board, led efforts to establish a national organization of Catholic scientists. Subsequently known as the Albertus Magnus Guild, this organization attempted both to improve Catholics' scientific performance and to refute the widely held notion among non-Catholic Americans that Catholicism was inherently hostile to science. By reflecting on Yancey's career as an educator and scientist and on the history of the guild, this article seeks to deepen our understanding of twentieth-century Catholic science education and reveal the ways in which Catholic scientists approached the issues surrounding the interaction of science and religion.     

National institutions, public-private knowledge flows, and innovation performance: A comparative study of the biotechnology industry in the US and France

The biotechnology industry is a striking example of the disconnect between the location of knowledge creation and its commercial development. I argue that national technological performance in biotechnology is critically affected by institutions governing scientific careers, which shape the professional identities and boundary-spanning activities of research scientists. I test this in a comparison of the United States and France. Drawing on fieldwork and analysis of patent data, I compare institutional frameworks and estimate models of forward patent citations. The models show that entrepreneurial firms are associated with high-performing innovations in this sector whereas large established firms perform poorly in both countries, and highlight the importance of institutions in creating country-specific combinations of human capital with organizational capabilities.     

NTBFs—the French case

New technology-based firms (NTBFs) represent only a small proportion of the firms established in France each year; they attract very little specific attention from the national statistical apparatus and are considered to be of marginal significance by both the public authorities and financial institutions. Although the definition of NTBFs is problematic, the available evidence suggests that the survival rate of technology-based firms is higher than that of other start-ups. The most successful in terms of growth belong to dense and convergent networks through which they interact with larger firms and research organisations. There is very little public policy specifically targeted on NTBFs in France. Instead, public financing has been devoted mainly to the development of SMEs in general—in support of their role in the creation of new employment—and to supporting technology-based firms, both large and small, to strengthen the international competitiveness of the French industry.     

从“文化例外”看法国的文化保护主义政策

“文化例外”是上世纪90年代初关贸总协定谈判时法国提出的,旨在将文化产品排除在自由贸易之外。法国政府通过立法和财政手段应对美国大肆入侵的视听产品、保护和发展本国的文化产业。“文化例外”实际上是一种文化保护主义。政府的介入在一定程度上减弱了本国文化产业受美国文化巨头侵袭的力度,但文化保护主义政策毕竟存在局限性。政府干预和市场调控双管齐下、互相弥补才是各国文化繁荣的根本保障,世界文化才会多样化发展。     

Imperialism, colonial identity, and race in Algeria, 1830-1870. The role of the French Medical Corps

During the military administration of Algeria, which lasted for forty years, the foundation of the French colony was laid. Indispensable to the military in Algeria was its sizable medical corps. While the ostensible reason for its presence was to maintain the soldiers' health and thus the army's efficiency, it role extended beyond this primary objective. Starting from the intellectual and political influences that shaped the training in France of the members of the medical corps, this essay examines the ways in which they contributed to the creation of a French colonial space in Algeria. It traces how their involvement in the intellectual, cultural, and political life of the colony enabled them both to further their own ambitions and to influence wider developments. It explores how colonial physicians and surgeons, deemed to be among the most efficient agents of the civilizing mission owing to their humane contacts with the indigenous population, in fact contributed to that population's categorization and marginalization.     

Cinematic representations of medical technologies in the Spanish official newsreel, 1943-1970

NO-DO, the Spanish official newsreel produced by Franco's dictatorship (1939-1975), held a 30-year monopoly over audio-visual information in Spain from 1943 to 1975. This paper reports on an analysis of coverage of medical technologies by the Spanish Cinematic Newsreel Service, NO-DO, from 1943 to 1970. The study focuses on the changing roles played by cultural representations of medical technologies deployed in NO-DO. Our analysis shows how these representations offered a new space for the legitimization of the regime, and, more importantly, played a key role in the attempts to construct and enforce a hegemonic national identity after the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). During the period of isolationist autocracy that ended in the mid-1950s, the images of medical technologies reinforced the idea of a self-sufficient "national space" and deepened the break with the historical past. Once the international isolation of the regime was overcome in the late 1950s and the 1960s, the representation of medical technologies contributed to establishing a Spanish national identity that mirrored the outside world, the foreign space. Finally, gender representations in NO-DO are also explored.     

中国制药和生物科技产业研发投入的国际比较:基于全球研发投入2000强企业的实证分析

企业研发投入行为能客观反映企业创新活跃程度,进而反映产业或国家的创新能力。基于欧盟产业研发投入报告所提供的数据,分析制药和生物科技高研发投入企业特征,对比分析中国与美国、日本、韩国、英国、法国、德国和印度7个国家的制药和生物科技企业研发投入的差异。研究发现,中国制药和生物科技企业的研发投入虽然增长迅速,但是制药和生物科技产业依然被美国、日本和欧盟所统治,中国高研发投入企业在制药和生物科技产业覆盖率非常低,在研发投入和研发强度上与美国、日本、韩国、英国、法国和德国等国家还存在巨大差距;同时,在研发投入、研发强度和盈利能力等方面,中国已经全面落后于印度。为了解我国制药和生物科技企业研发投入现状,推进创新型国家建设提供借鉴。     

论矿产资源企业中的员工职业生涯规划

矿产资源作为重要的非再生型自然资源,是人类社会赖以生存和发展不可缺少的物质基础。矿产资源是中国国民经济的基础产业,在国民经济中起着重要作用,它既是生活资料的重要来源,又是极其重要的社会生产资料,对整个国民经济持续、健康、稳定和协调发展有着重大的影响。人是一切生产要素的核心,矿产资源企业的发展离不开员工聪明才智的发挥与运用。加强员工的管理对于建设矿产资源的和谐开发与管理具有重要意义。本文从矿产资源企业员工的角度出发,探究员工的职业生涯规划问题,进一步证实矿产资源企业中员工职业生涯规划的现实意义和理论意义。     

Time, money, and history

This essay argues that taking the economy seriously in histories of science could not only extend the range of activities studied but also change--often quite radically--our understanding of well-known cases and instances in twentieth-century science. It shows how scientific intellectuals and historians of science have followed the money as a means of critique of particular forms of science and of particular conceptions of science. It suggests the need to go further, to a much broader implicit definition of what constitutes science--one that implies a criticism of much history of twentieth-century science for defining it implicitly and inappropriately in very restrictive ways.     

中国海洋旅游基地适宜性综合评价研究

海洋旅游代表着中国旅游业转型升级的重要方向,研究以当前海洋旅游资源为基础,综合分析沿海地区建设国家海洋旅游基地的适宜性。研究结果表明：①中国海洋旅游基地的发展主要集中在渤海海域中的辽东半岛东部海域、黄海海域中的山东半岛东北部海域、东海海域中的闽南海域和南海海域中的海南岛以及三沙市等区域的沿海城市;②在海洋旅游资源基础方面,南海南部海域、粤西海域、桂东、桂西海域沿海地区的海洋旅游资源丰富多样,适合风景观光、滨海浴场、沙滩、海岛型等滨海旅游度假区的协同开发;③在旅游产业发展和潜力方面,长三角和珠三角沿海地区中心城市可依靠产业发展和潜力优势,改善资源环境基础,打造海洋旅游国际滨海城市旅游目的地,协同城市群创新发展海洋旅游产业。     

我国有色金属资源综合利用的主要问题与对策

有色金属矿产资源是国民经济发展的重要基础性材料,是现代工业的"粮草"和"血液"。我国有色金属资源总量虽然丰富,但由于支柱型矿产储量少、人均矿产资源占有率低、资源消耗增长速度大于经济增长速度,有色金属原材料短缺的严峻形势已经显现,有色金属行业的可持续发展面临着挑战。有色金属的综合利用是解决资源短缺、治理污染、改善环境和实施可持续发展战略的重要途径。本文通过分析我国有色金属资源综合利用中存在的主要问题,从政策、技术和企业经营三个层面揭示了问题背后深层次的原因,最后,有针对性地提出了提高我国有色金属资源综合利用水平的对策建议。     

高科技装备制造业的联盟发展道路:来自工业机器人产业的启示

"中国制造2025"预示着中国高科技装备制造业的巨大市场,但民族产业多面临产品层次低、高端受控于国际巨头的局面。受合规性逻辑理论的启示,通过对工业机器人行业的分析,给出我国高科技装备制造业可以借助市场和技术赋予的内在优势,走联盟合作创新发展道路建议。该研究的贡献在于借鉴制度理论,为民族企业提出战略合作发展的思路,为补偿中国工业技术不足、实现产业破局带来可能。     

External knowledge sourcing in different national settings: a comparison of electronics establishments in Britain and France

In a detailed comparison of matched samples of electronics establishments in Britain and France, this paper finds that the two samples of establishments were operating in distinctively different national labour markets for engineers and scientists, reflecting structural differences in national higher education systems and a far higher level of individual mobility between enterprises in Britain than is found in France. These differences were found to have very little effect on quantitative measures of establishments’ external research interactions which tended to reflect other national-institutional differences such as continued government support for public laboratories in France of a kind which have now been largely privatised in Britain. However, qualitative evidence pointed to a faster rate of development of new external knowledge sourcing and relationship building in Britain which was partly stimulated by the greater mobility of individual engineers and scientists between enterprises and other organisations bringing new personal networks of external contacts with them. These tendencies contrasted with a marked stability in external research linkages in France. The paper suggests that the greater openness of British R&D networks to new ideas and knowledge may be particularly advantageous in fast-changing high-tech industries such as electronics.     

Scientific biography, cognitive deficits, and laboratory practice. James McKeen Cattell and early American experimental psychology, 1880-1904

Despite widespread interest in individual life histories, few biographies of scientists make use of insights derived from psychology, another discipline that studies people, their thoughts, and their actions. This essay argues that recent theoretical work in psychology and tools developed for clinical psychological practice can help biographical historians of science create and present fuller portraits of their subjects' characters and temperaments and more nuanced analyses of how these traits helped shape their subjects' scientific work. To illustrate this thesis, the essay examines the early career of James McKeen Cattell--an influential late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century experimental psychologist--through a lens offered by psychology and argues that Cattell's actual laboratory practices derived from an "accommodation" to a long-standing "cognitive deficit." These practices in turn enabled Cattell to achieve more precise experimental results than could any of his contemporaries; and their students readily adopted them, along with their behavioral implications. The essay concludes that, in some ways, American psychology's early twentieth-century move toward a behavioral understanding of psychological phenomena can be traced to Cattell's personal cognitive deficit. It closes by reviewing several "remaining general questions" that this thesis suggests.     

我国消费电子企业核心竞争力的提升

哈默和普拉哈拉德1990年首次提出核心竞争力的概念,此后,核心竞争力便成为国际学术界以及企业界研究的重点。人们越来越深刻认识到核心竞争力是企业获得持久竞争优势的源泉。进入21世纪,消费电子产业在世界范围内蓬勃发展,与人们生活的联系愈加紧密,并与教育、医疗、航空航天等领域快速融合,对国民经济发展的贡献越来越突出,是一个国家参与国际竞争的重要方面。培育和提升消费性电子企业的核心竞争力,对产业的健康发展大有裨益,对改善人民的生活品质,提升我国的综合国力具有重要的战略意义。对我国消费电子企业的核心竞争力进行了分析,从政府角度、企业角度和企业合作角度提出了提升消费电子企业核心竞争力的途径。     

基于突变算法的高技术产业创新生态系统健康性实证研究

高技术产业作为国家创新战略的"基石",其健康状态不容忽视。基于生态视角,从生存和发展两维度构建高技术产业创新生态系统健康性评价指标体系,运用突变级数法进行实证分析,并加入时间序列,纵向比较近些年我国高技术产业创新生态系统的健康状态。实证表明,我国高技术产业创新生态系统的健康水平整体偏低,且存在很大的提升空间。最后从提高科技创新与产出能力、加大技术获取与改造投入、构建开放式的良好创新环境三方面提出对策建议。     

美日法高新技术产业集群政策的比较与借鉴

分析美国、日本和法国高新技术产业集群政策特点,提出集群政策比较的五个维度,促进对话与合作、拓展需求、提供智力支撑、促进国际联系和完善集群框架,进而从五个政策维度比较分析美日法集群政策的共同点与不同点,最后总结对我国高新技术产业集群政策的经验借鉴。     

Who owns what? Private ownership and the public interest in recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s

This essay analyzes how academic institutions, government agencies, and the nascent biotech industry contested the legal ownership of recombinant DNA technology in the name of the public interest. It reconstructs the way a small but influential group of government officials and university research administrators introduced a new framework for the commercialization of academic research in the context of a national debate over scientific research's contributions to American economic prosperity and public health. They claimed that private ownership of inventions arising from public support would provide a powerful means to liberate biomedical discoveries for public benefit. This articulation of the causal link between private ownership and the public interest, it is argued, justified a new set of expectations about the use of research results arising from government or public support, in which commercialization became a new public obligation for academic researchers. By highlighting the broader economic and legal shifts that prompted the reconfiguration of the ownership of public knowledge in late twentieth-century American capitalism, the essay examines the threads of policy-informed legal ideas that came together to affirm private ownership of biomedical knowledge as germane to the public interest in the coming of age of biotechnology and genetic medicine.     

我国电站设备企业国际竞争力的影响因素分析

电站设备企业是为电力工业提供装备的行业,是国民经济的支柱产业。在激烈的国际竞争环境下,电站设备企业竞争力的高低将直接影响其生存和发展。在归纳分析电站设备企业国际竞争力影响因素的基础上,运用主成分分析法提取主要影响因素并加以分析,进而研究了电站设备企业国际竞争力的产生机理。