国际组织开放政府数据评估方法的比较与分析

[目的/意义] 开放政府数据评估是开放政府数据的重要组成部分,目前正处于起步发展阶段,需要逐步形成一套科学适用的评估体系。[方法/过程] 通过桌面调查和对比分析,针对当前国际组织部分代表性开放政府数据评估项目的实施,着重从评估方法、评估对象以及指标体系与评估效果等角度分析不同评估项目的实际运行状况。[结果/结论] 归纳和总结各类开放政府数据评估项目的特色与不足,发现国际组织开放政府数据评估的一些规律性做法,如第三方评估保证了评估的客观公正,评估指标体系设计围绕主题科学制定,以数据开放为核心,注重评估方法的整体优化以及重视评估信息采集与处理的信度与效度等。     

Archival appraisal practice in U.S. state archives and records management programs

The quantity of government records has grown dramatically since the rapid development of information technology starting in the mid-twentieth century. This ever-expanding body of records has challenged the limited resources of government archives. Though U.S. government archivists constantly try to identify valuable government records among the geometrically increasing total, in order to justify spending public money on their preservation, little is known about how U.S. state archives and records management programs go about the process. The study discussed in this paper is the first to empirically investigate nationwide archival appraisal practice in U.S. state archives and records management programs. The study answered two research questions: How do U.S. state archivists and records managers conceptually define archival appraisal? How do U.S. state archivists and records managers practice archival appraisal of state government records? The study used an online survey and interviews for data collection and SPSS software and NVivo8 software for data analysis. This paper discusses the research topic and concludes with recommendations for practitioners and further studies.     

Access to Online Local Government Public Records: The Privacy Paradox

Local governments are required to provide open access to their records as a matter of law; however, there is growing public concern about the security of private information found in these files. Before the advent of the Internet, individuals enjoyed a level of practical obscurity, as viewing public records required the time and effort of a visit to the records' physical location and prevented easy access to details of individual files. However, the introduction of the Web and the availability of digital documents have caused an unavoidable conflict. On the one hand, the government is required to provide the public with a transparent view of its activities by offering open access to its records, and on the other hand, local governments need to secure their citizens’ right to privacy. Especially since September 11, 2001, and the problems associated with identity theft, finding the right balance between accessibility and privacy is not a simple task. The purpose of this article is to report on the accessibility and extent of personal information found within online local government records and to understand how local governments are managing the dichotomy between providing open access to their records with maintaining the privacy rights of the public.     

英美新三国政府开放数据用户参与的经验与启示

[目的/意义]针对英美新三国政府开放数据用户参与案例的研究,探索政府开放数据用户参与的国际经验与中国路径.[方法/过程]基于第三份《开放数据晴雨表》的统计数据,利用政策文本分析法和案例研究法,系统梳理英美新政府开放数据用户参与的价值定位、主体权责和实现机制,破解为什么参与、谁参与和怎样参与等政府开放数据用户参与的关键问...     

All Holdings Are Local: Archivists and Local Government Archives

ABSTRACT

Archivists working in repositories that contain local government records play an integral role within the local community. Unlike their colleagues in state, regional, or national repositories, the local government archivist concentrates on a small geographic region and demonstrates knowledge of the politics, history, and socio-economics of the region. More importantly, they understand how municipal and county government operates. This article explores the unique features and problems associated with the identification, appraisal, and preservation of local government records.     

A Vendor Perspective: What Do All of These Changes Mean for Vendors?

Vendor keynote speaker Caitlin Trasande addressed the practical and applied implications of how government mandates and regulations drive innovations and research information management technologies, while tying in remarks made by Jane Marks, the publisher keynote speaker, and Scott Plutchak, the librarian keynote speaker. She is uniquely positioned to do this as she has been at Digital Science for 5 years, most recently as Head of Research Policy; holds a PhD in Neurobiology; and was very recently appointed Senior Strategy Editor at Nature. Trasande used products developed by Digital Science as examples to demonstrate how all sectors of the scholarly community are finding solutions to help enable compliance with mandates, such as those on data and Open Access. She also provided a futuristic look at how the UK government has begun to ask funded researchers to document the social impact of their research; how Digital Science worked with the UK government, and how likely this is to also happen in the United States.     

开放政府数据的价值测量:特征与方法的比较研究

[目的/意义] 对开放政府数据价值测量的既有实践进行梳理与比较，对未来开展的开放政府数据测量项目提供建议，并为国内学界提供参考。[方法/过程] 对国内外具有代表性的16个涉及开放政府数据价值测量的评估项目和研究报告进行梳理，比较其评估时间、主体、对象、梯度、范围和价值类型，归纳其价值测量方法，并对各类价值测量方法的特点和适用性进行说明。[结果/结论] 厘清了公共部门信息资源、开放数据和开放政府数据这三类评估对象之间的区别与联系，区分了开放政府数据价值测量的三个梯度，即产出、效果与影响，比较了不同价值测量方法的特点与适用性，并对现有开放政府数据价值测量实践存在的问题和难点进行了总结。从特征上看，评估实践总体经历了从评估公共部门信息资源利用和再利用到评估政府数据开放，从侧重单一经济价值到注重综合价值的发展历程。从方法上看，目前实践中采用的价值测量方法可从宏观上分为定量和定性两大类，定量的价值测量方法还可分为基于社会经济指标测算和基于多维度评估框架与指标体系构建两种类型。     

Preservation of electronic records in Israeli government offices

Access to electronic records is dependent on the constantly changing and evolving computer technology. Unlike paper records that can survive for hundreds of years unless measures are taken to destroy them, electronic records do not persist unless deliberate steps are taken to preserve them. This paper suggests that most Israeli (and possibly other) government institutions naturally take steps to preserve electronic records necessary for their ongoing immediate operational needs. Nonimmediate or extraoperational needs, such as archiving according to state laws, are not given the fullest attention. To preserve the historical record of government institutions, computer systems must be designed and budgeted to comply with state archive laws and the long-term needs of society.     

Information governance,records management,and freedom of information: A study of local government authorities in England

In many democratic states political rhetoric gives weight to increasing public participation in and understanding of the political process; (re)-establishing public trust in government decision making; increasing transparency, openness, and accountability of public authorities; and, ultimately, improving government decision-making on behalf of citizens. Access to the public record and freedom of information (FOI) are mechanisms which help to facilitate the accountability of public authorities. Many jurisdictions have introduced legislation related to these mechanisms, and the UK government is no exception with its enactment of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in 2000. University College London (UCL) ran a research project over 12 months in 2008–2009, funded by the UK Arts and Humanities Research Council. The research project examined what the impact of the UK FOIA had been on records management services in public authorities, especially local government. This article reports on some of the findings of the study. It considers how FOI compliance and records management functions are organized in local government and the role of information governance which is emerging as an umbrella for such functions. It draws some conclusions about the contributions that records management services make to the ability of local authorities to comply with the FOIA and identifies some ways in which user experience may be affected by the management of records.     

开放政府数据评估体系述评:特点分析

[目的/意义]随着开放政府数据运动的快速发展,开放政府数据评估体系也在研究和实践中不断出现,对这些评估体系的特点进行分析,有利于采取更科学合理的方法对开放政府数据进行准确评估,推动开放政府数据的可持续发展。[方法/过程]对研究与实践中现有的开放政府数据评估体系进行系统梳理,归纳出现有评估体系的评估动因、评估内容和评估方法及相应特点和适用性。[结果/结论]研究发现现有评估体系在城市层面、特定行业和开放数据成熟度评估方面存在局限,提出应根据不同评估动因、因地制宜地选择评估内容和评估方法的建议,并构建了开放政府数据评估动因、评估内容和评估方法的循环迭代检验机制。     

美国政府数据开放新趋势及其对我国的启示

[目的/意义]分析美国政府数据开放战略的实施效果,并根据美国经济分析局等政府机构的数据开放实践以及《开放政府数据法案》对未来美国政府数据开放战略的要求,研判美国政府数据开放战略的新趋势,从而提出其对于我国政府数据开放战略实施的启示。[方法/过程]利用文献调研法和比较分析法进行研究,一是对比分析美国数据开放战略实施现状与未来该战略要求;二是对比分析我国目前数据开放战略现状与美国政府数据开放新趋势的差距。[结果/结论]美国政府数据开放战略将从数据类型、数据形式、审核机制、数据来源、储存机制、责任机构、评估机制等方面进行变革,从而促使政府数据产生更大的社会经济效益。我国目前在上述层面的发展应该充分借鉴美国的经验,加快发展具有我国特色的政府数据开放战略新机制。     

国外政府数据开放许可协议采用情况的调查与分析

[目的/意义] 对国外政府数据开放许可协议采用的情况进行调查与分析,拟为我国政府数据开放采用许可协议的类型提供参考。[方法/过程] 调查国外政府采用的许可协议,包括知识共享许可协议、开源软件许可协议和各国政府制定的许可协议3种类型;分析国外政府数据许可协议的适用范围和许可条件,并从许可协议的兼容性角度,比较分析不同类型许可协议对政府数据开放的适用性。[结果/结论] 我国已有的地方政府数据开放平台尚未采用统一的许可协议,知识共享许可协议的应用范围广泛、兼容性强,建议我国政府数据开放采用知识共享许可协议。     

Introducing Open Government Data

This article provides an overview of open government data. It outlines what it is, provides examples, and summarizes library engagement with these data. The professional and academic literature and other web sources were examined along with government policies and portals. Open government data is a fairly recent and evolving phenomenon that promotes government transparency and invites citizen participation and innovative reuses of public data. Libraries have been responding to this release of data in a number of ways including offering data literacy instruction and special services and programs.     

数据驱动范式下政府开放数据状态及其主体行为状态的关系挖掘

[目的/意义] 在数据驱动范式情境下，揭示政府门户网站开放数据状态及其主体行为状态之间的内部关联，推动政府数据开放效果和进程。[方法/过程] 采用爬虫方法抓取上海市政府数据门户网站中各开放数据集，在对各数据集指标进行相关分析的基础上，采用Stepwise探索其回归关系，筛选得出关联度较高的变量；进一步对关系显著的变量进行PLS回归检验，得出政府开放数据状态与其主体行为状态的内部关联。[结果/结论] 在政府数据开放进程中，政府部门的主体行为比数据自身的客体特征对公众主体行为的影响更大。在影响公众评分的因素中，政府开放保密级别的影响因子最大，且具有显著负向影响作用；政府更新频率、政府首次开放时间、数据格式可机读性对公众评分具有显著正向影响作用。     

美国政府开放数据个人隐私保护政策及对我国的启示——基于52个政策文本的内容分析

[目的/意义] 个人隐私保护是政府开放数据过程中的关键环节,通过对美国政府开放数据实践中的个人隐私保护政策梳理,为我国开放政府数据中的个人隐私保护提供一定的参考借鉴。[方法/过程] 通过对美国政府开放数据相关政策文本的收集,运用NVivo文本分析工具,对政策文本进行内容编码分析,梳理美国政府开放数据隐私保护框架,以期获得有益的启示和借鉴作用。[结果/结论] 从发挥多元主体职能作用、隐私保护评估系统构建、隐私数据利用治理、构建隐私计算模型以及法律保障5个维度来构建我国政府开放数据中的个人隐私保护体系,以最大程度发挥政府数据开放的时代价值。     

政府开放数据的隐私风险评估与防控:法国的经验

[目的/意义]从隐私风险防控的角度,调查法国政府开放数据的隐私保护实践,为我国政府开放数据和隐私保护提供参考。[方法/过程]利用文献调研和案例分析的研究方法,以法国为例,通过对文献资料和网站内容的调查,获取一手资料阐述法国政府开放数据中隐私风险防控的经验,对政府开放数据中个人隐私的评判标准、隐私影响评估(PIA)框架和运行逻辑、隐私风险应对的数据处理规范与机构进行分析和概况。[结果/结论]建立相应机构来推动开放数据和个人隐私保护,培育开放数据文化,完善政府开放数据平台隐私政策。     

政府数据开放中的公众参与模式:理论构建与案例实证

[目的/意义] 探讨政府数据开放中公众参与的理论模式，旨在指导政府部门有效实现公众参与数据开放的政策目标，以及推进政府数据开放中公众参与议题的研究进展。[方法/过程] 采用文献分析法、逻辑分析法和案例分析法，同时以公众参与阶梯理论作为分析工具，构建并实证政府数据开放中的公众参与模式。[结果/结论] 政府数据开放中的公众参与可从理论层面构建为告知型参与、咨询型参与、合作型参与和授权型参与4种模式，其核心涵义分别是政府向公众传达信息、政府咨询公众意见、政府与公众平等合作、政府与公众共同治理。这4种政府数据开放公众参与理论模式一方面在政府意图、主导力量、信息流动、公众信息知晓度和公众自治程度方面存在明显的特征差异，另一方面从国内外政府数据开放公众参与实践案例中获得良好的经验支持。     

主题与区域视角下我国城市政府开放数据利用现状分析

[目的/意义]从数据层面分析我国城市政府开放数据在主题视角和区域视角下的利用现状,探究开放数据关注程度与利用程度之间的线性关系,以提高我国政府开放数据的使用效率。[方法/过程]以哈尔滨、济南、上海、武汉、广州和贵阳6地为例,对开放数据的浏览率、下载率等多个指标进行统计比较分析、聚类分析和回归分析,揭示我国城市开放数据在主题与区域视角下的利用现状,并探讨浏览率与下载率之间的线性关系。[结果/结论]我国城市政府开放数据的利用具有以下特征：在整体上开放数据浏览率与下载率呈弱相关。在主题视角下,教育科技、民生服务、经济工商等与社会民生领域相关的主题利用程度高,其浏览率与下载率呈正相关;开放数据的整体特征与部分特征具有不一致性。在区域视角下,济南、上海的浏览率和下载率呈正相关,其中上海对开放数据的利用排名首位,济南则排在末位,贵阳开放数据浏览率与下载率都较高,但二者呈弱相关;开放数据整体特征与部分特征大体上具有一致性。     

政府数据开放中的公众参与模式:理论构建与案例实证

[目的/意义] 探讨政府数据开放中公众参与的理论模式，旨在指导政府部门有效实现公众参与数据开放的政策目标，以及推进政府数据开放中公众参与议题的研究进展。[方法/过程] 采用文献分析法、逻辑分析法和案例分析法，同时以公众参与阶梯理论作为分析工具，构建并实证政府数据开放中的公众参与模式。[结果/结论] 政府数据开放中的公众参与可从理论层面构建为告知型参与、咨询型参与、合作型参与和授权型参与4种模式，其核心涵义分别是政府向公众传达信息、政府咨询公众意见、政府与公众平等合作、政府与公众共同治理。这4种政府数据开放公众参与理论模式一方面在政府意图、主导力量、信息流动、公众信息知晓度和公众自治程度方面存在明显的特征差异，另一方面从国内外政府数据开放公众参与实践案例中获得良好的经验支持。     

开放政府数据的价值:研究进展与展望

[目的/意义] 对开放政府数据价值的相关研究成果进行总结和梳理，形成较为完整的文献综述，为国内该领域的未来研究提供参考。[方法/过程] 通过文献计量与内容分析描绘开放政府数据价值研究领域的文献分布状况，对现有研究成果进行全面梳理与评价，并提出未来研究方向。[结果/结论] 学界目前对开放政府数据价值的研究主要集中于价值类型、价值生成机制以及价值测量3个方面。多数研究停留于探讨开放政府数据的预期价值，缺乏对预期价值的实证验证；缺乏对利用和效果之间的因果关系的检验；对价值生成机制和价值测量的研究不足。建议未来研究更多关注本土实践，从多学科视角出发，加强开放政府数据价值相关理论与实证研究。