Motivating young language learners: A longitudinal model of self-determined motivation in elementary school foreign language classes

Promoting intrinsic motivation is often a central concern in teaching foreign languages to elementary school children. Self-determination theory posits that intrinsic motivation develops through the interaction of the person and the environment. The present study investigated how elementary school students’ motivation develops over the course of a school year in Japanese public schools. Five-hundred and fifteen Japanese elementary school children were surveyed over the course of one school year. Self-reported motivation, perceptions of teacher support, need satisfaction, and engagement were measured at different times. External raters observed students’ engagement, while classroom teachers assessed the quality of students’ motivation and learning. Structural equation modeling results indicated a positive, dynamic relationship between motivation, perceptions of the learning environment, and engagement. External raters’ assessments showed significant positive correlations with students’ self-reported engagement. Findings indicate how the instruction offered in these Japanese elementary schools supported students’ foreign language learning motivation.     

Contents

Nudging Minds to Life: Self-Authorship as a Foundation for Learning Meaning Making and Collegiate Learning Outcomes The Nature of Meaning Making: Constructivist-Developmental Assumptions Self-Evolution and the Journey Toward Self-Authorship Conclusion Assessing Self-Authorship and Its Evolution Assessment Challenges Assessment Formats Four Interviews to Assess Self-Authorship Conclusion Development of the Ten Positions in the Journey Toward Self-Authorship Baxter Magolda's Study Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education Nuances of Self-Authorship Trusting External Authority: External Positions Trusting External Authority Tensions with Trusting External Authority Recognizing Shortcomings of Trusting External Authority Developmental Progression in External Meaning Making Entering the Crossroads: Predominantly External Positions Questioning External Authority Constructing the Internal Voice Developmental Progression in Entering the Crossroads Leaving the Crossroads: Predominantly Internal Positions Listening to the Internal Voice Cultivating the Internal Voice Developmental Progression in Leaving the Crossroads Self-Authorship: Internal Positions Trusting the Internal Voice Building an Internal Foundation Securing Internal Commitments Developmental Progression in Internal Meaning Making Using the Self-Authorship Assessment Guide Assessing Student Characteristics and Experience Example of a Phase 1 Summary (Excerpts) Assessing Developmental Meaning Making Example of a Phase 2 Summary (Excerpts) Links Between Development and Experiences Working Through Difficult Summaries The Value of Listening to Students Appendix: Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education: Qualitative Research Team References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

Postdiscrimination generalization as a function of interresponse time

Following 20 sessions of variable-interval 20-sec reinforcement in the presence of a single 45-deg line-tilt stimulus, three pigeons were trained to discriminate between line tilts of 45 deg correlated with variable-interval 20-sec reinforcement and line tilts of 15 deg correlated with extinction. A generalization test along the line-tilt dimension was administered following a criterion discrimination performance. Gradients derived in terms of relative frequency of response as a function of line tilt indicated strong external stimulus control and exhibited clear peak shift. From the interresponse time (IRT) distributions generated for responding to each test stimulus, probability of response conditional upon IRT (IRTs/Op) was derived as a joint function of line tilt and IRT. The IRTs/Op functions for responses following IRTs in 0.2-sec-wide classes from 0.2 to 1.0 sec and for responses following IRTs in the interval of 1.0 to 2.0 sec were similar to the relative generalization gradients and also exhibited peak shift. Few IRTs were greater than 2.0 sec. External stimulus control was established over responses terminating IRTs both longer and shorter than 1.0 sec.     

论牟宗三“新外王”的三个问题

牟宗三的“新外王”提出了三个问题,一是儒学作为内圣之学,为何没有开出新外王,二是如何才能开出新外王,三是新外王的主要内容是什么.这三个问题重点是把握内圣如何开出新外王.牟先生认为通过“良知自我坎陷”开出新外王,即,“道德主体”坎陷“知性主体”,“无执的存有”坎陷“执的存有”,“综合的尽理精神”坎陷“分解的尽理精神”,“理性之运用表现”坎陷“理性之架构表现”,“隶属之局”坎陷“对列之局”.由于“内圣”与“新外王”在价值上不同“源”,内容上不同“质”,结构上不同“构”,因此,牟先生没有从根本上解决这个问题.     

王安石的以义理财论及其实践

北宋是个积贫积弱的朝代,主要表现是三冗:"冗官""冗兵""冗费"。这是王安石以义理财论及其实践的主要社会历史条件。他的以义理财论的主要内容包括内部理财和外部理财两个方面。内部理财的实质是调整财富结构布局,加强中央政府对财政权的控制,把落在富人手中的巨额资金收归中央政府,从而达到富国强兵利民的目的。外部理财是通过发展农业,改造大自然来创造社会财富。他的以义理财论及其实践对建设我国社会主义市场经济具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Internal-External Control as an Environmental Variable in Listening

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of student expectancy and the locus of control personality variable (I. E.) upon increasing reading rates. It was hypothesized that students operating under high improvement expectancy will demonstrate greater actual reading improvement when their personality orientation is toward the Internal end of the contimuum. Sixty male subjects participated in an intensive five week reading improvement course. A 2X3X5 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures over trials was the basic design with two levels in Locus of Control (Internal and External) and three expectancy levels. The results indicate that Internals show greatest gains under high expectancy levels whereas Externals do poorly under such high expectancy levels. These results appear important to validation of the I. E. construct and to application to practical learning situations.     

Relationship between Perceptions of Control and Victimization of Chinese Adolescents

This study explores perceptions of control in victims of school bullying, by surveying 108 adolescents with questionnaires. The result shows that there are significant gender differences in external control in general, internal control of sociality, and victimization of physical bullying. Physical victimization decreases as subjects grow older, but unknown control increases. Social victimization is positively correlated with all factors of external control. Verbal victimization is positively correlated with factors of external control of sociality, general and average; and negatively correlated with factors of internal control of sociality and physicality. Victimization of property bullying is positively correlated with average external control. External control is a predictor of victimization of social, verbal, and property bullying; internal control of body is that of verbal victimization. Translated from Psychology Development and Education, 2005, 1     

高中等职业技术教育发展的"外部驱动力"理论

从驱动高中等职业技术教育发展的"外部驱动力"的研究出发,通过对高中等职业技术教育发展的"外部驱动力"的分析,进一步阐述了驱动高中等职业技术教育发展的四个"外部驱动力"理论,以及"外部驱动力"理论对驱动高中等职业技术教育发展的学术价值及实践指导意义.指出不论是理论研究工作者还是高中等职业技术教育管理者、教师,认真掌握驱动高中等职业技术教育发展的四个"外部驱动力"理论,对高中等职业技术教育健康、快速、科学发展,都有极其重要的意义.     

Embedding external referencing of standards into higher education: collaborative relationships are the key

External referencing of assessment and students’ achievement standards is a growing priority area within higher education, which is being pressured by government requirements to evidence outcome attainment. External referencing benefits stakeholders connected to higher education by helping to assure that assessments and standards within courses are appropriate and comparable among institutions. External referencing takes many forms, which have different resourcing requirements, outcomes, and operational strengths and challenges. This paper describes the External Referencing of Standards (ERoS) approach developed, tested and adopted by a university consortium. ERoS draws on the strengths of existing methodologies to produce an evolved model that is effective, efficient, transparent and open, capability building and sustainable. The model enables participants to communicate directly and construct peer relationships, and findings suggest this is a significant design strength. The process facilitates capability building, such that participants garnered insights valuable to enact quality assurance and enhancement of existing courses, and fosters connections that facilitate collaboration and peer-learning. ERoS successfully used open source collaborative tools to review work samples, which can be used to benchmark costed systems.     

Relationship of perceived parenting styles,locus of control orientation,and self-concept among junior high age students

Relationships between adolescents' perceptions of their parents' responsiveness and demandingness, adolescents' locus of control orientation, and adolescents' self-concept ratings were investigated. Participants included 198 students in grades eight and nine who were administered the Nowicki–Strickland Internal–External Locus of Control Scale, the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents, and the Perceived Parenting Styles Survey. Participants who perceived their parents as being Authoritative had a significantly more internal locus of control orientation than subjects who perceived their parents as either Permissive or Authoritarian. Self-Concept scores were significantly higher for the Authoritative group than for the Permissive or Authoritarian groups in several areas. The findings indicate that an Authoritative style of parenting may contribute to the development of self-adequacy by being associated with internal locus of control orientation and stronger self-concept, while Permissive and Authoritarian styles of parenting may be associated with negative patterns of social-emotional development. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

气相色谱检测白酒中乙酸乙酯内标法和外标法的比较研究

介绍了用气相色谱法测定白酒中己酸乙酯的两种定量方法:内标法和外标法,并分别对三个白酒样品进行测定。测定结果的RSD值依次为0.43%~0.86%和0.46%~1.40%,说明两种定量方法在检测白酒中己酸乙酯时结果无显著性差异,可将外标法推广到日常的白酒检测工作中。     

论我国大学的经营

经营是大学为了实现办学目标,获得有利的办学环境,争取更多的办学资源,拥有更大的主动性,与有关外部组织、团体或个人展开的互动合作活动。在计划体制下,大学经营所采取的是被动经营模式,重在与政府主管部门建立融洽的关系。在市场体制下,大学采取的是主动经营模式,经营逐渐成为了办学的主要手段,经营的范围拓展到一切有智力和人才需求的社会组织。大学经营模式不同,经营策略也不同。计划体制下的被动经营通常只能采取请示等方式;市场体制下的主动经营,除了请示之外,更多地采取了协议、走访、形象设计等策略。     

基于分圆类方法的外差族构造的进一步研究

利用6阶分圆类构造外差族,得到几类GF（q）上参数为（6f＋1,2f,4f,）3的外差族,其中g=6f＋1为奇质数幂,f为偶数．     

“有我之境”与审美移情

“有我之境”与移情作用相关联。“有我之境”中,主体总比较显露地表现自己的情感趋向,外物随着“我”的意识和情感的流动而飞跃。但艺术创作和欣赏中主体的情感投射是一种普遍的趋向。“无我之境”中,主体物化为作为对象的客体,与客体相互流连,物我距离消失了,也伴随着移情的产生。     

形象再度创作的分寸感

分寸感在表演这种再度创作中具有决定的重要性。外部动作、内心情感的表达、表情的控制是表演分寸感的重要方面。     

英语听力影响因素及对策

从英语听力影响因素来源上说,有来自于听者本身的内部因素,也有来自于听者外部的因素。教学方法、听力环境、语言速度等外部因素虽常常影响听力效果,但听者的语言基础、反应理解能力、心理素质与语言技能等内部因素在听力过程中起决定性作用。外部影响因素是客观多变的,常难预料和驾御的,关键在于针对内部影响因素确定相应对策。从语言基础、听力技巧、思维方式等方面长期锻炼来提高自身的听力水平是必行之策。     

学校外部环境管理：内涵、功能及策略

学校外部环境管理就是通过把握外部环境信息使组织环境相对确定,通过遵守相应的价值观、规范,获得稳定性的支持,并最终在与其他组织的资源竞争取得优势的活动。学校外部环境管理可为学校打造稳定的信息环境,可为学校赢得更广泛的支持,也可使学校获得更丰富的资源支持和更广阔的生存空间。所以,学校应树立主动、系统管理外部环境的意识,通过建立学校外部环境管理流程,塑造有机、灵活的学校组织结构等措施完善外部环境管理机制。     

高职院校的"内控"型管理探析

政府主导下的"外控"发展模式,在一定程度上抑制了高职院校的自治行为,屏蔽了市场力量的导向作用。社会的持续转型要求高职教育加强内涵建设,同时构建高职院校"内控"型管理体系,在产品经营上契合市场需求,在资产经营上谋求自愿地充分使用,在组织文化上坚持"务实"与"创新"并举。     

金融危机下中小企业如何走出困境

金融危机使全球经济发展面临严峻挑战,也使我国中小企业面临着生产成本上升、盈利空间压缩,资金链紧张、融资难度加大,外部需求减弱、经营举步维艰等困境。走出这些困境,中小企业要认清经济形势,把握经济走向;运用经营策略,规避经营风险;打造管理策略,提升竞争能力。     

试论党员干部的自律与他律

自律是人们以理性遏制私欲、贪欲,自觉规范、控制自己行为使之符合社会道德和法纪的要求,培养自己高尚的道德情操的行为方式。他律是指个人意志之外的约束,如纪律、法律、社会道德规范等等对个人、团体、组织行为的规范和道德的约束。党员领导干部要保持清正廉洁,必须严格自律,自觉接受他律。