Eventual school placement of kindergartners observed as high risk in the classroom

To determine whether children's observable kindergarten behavior might predict eventual educational risk, 40 of 94 children originally observed in their classrooms at the beginning of kindergarten were followed at completion of second grade. The 40 subjects appeared to be representative in that they did not differ significantly from the total sample in terms of original kindergarten classroom behavior, sex, or race. Using four clusters of kindergarten behavior, significant differences were found in eventual special placement and in ratings of teacher anecdotal material. Attending behavior correlated highly with eventual risk, leading to speculation about early identification procedures.     

Follow-up of high-risk children identified in kindergarten through direct classroom observation

Sixty-one children, originally identified at the beginning of kindergarten on the basis of 4 distinct clusters of observable classroom behavior, were evaluated at completion of first grade. Teacher ratings and individual achievement test scores partially confirmed the predictive validity of the original clusters. Children in the nonrisk cluster continued to do well, while children in the high-risk cluster were still doing poorly in some areas. An unexpected finding was that children in another cluster, originally seen as nonrisk, also seemed to be in some difficulty. Concerns about specific aspects of observable behavior were discussed.     

On Politeness in Classroom Conversational Communication

To make effective communication,Politeness Principle has become an important part in the research of pragmatics.So politeness can first of all be considered as a phenomenon,an observable social phenomenon.According to the Cooperative Principle put forward by Grice,the users of language in communication usually have the desire to cooperate with each other and observe the four maxims of good communicative behavior:Quality Maxim,Quantity Maxim,Relation Maxim,and Manner Maxim.However,people often violate these maxims intentionally,expressing themselves in an indirect way to convey the intended meaning.It is mainly for politeness that speakers tend to talk indirectly.Therefore,I intend to explore how to adopt proper politeness strategies and use English polite language appropriately to make communication successful,especially in classroom daily communication.     

Classroom Behavior of Good and Poor Readers

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate objectively observable categories of behavior for good and poor readers in classroom settings. Seven specific observable behaviors of 3 good and 3 poor readers from each of three regular classrooms at each of six grade levels were viewed under natural classroom conditions. Trained observers recorded student behavior for 30 min a day for 10 days. A two-way analysis of variance procedure was used in data analysis. Results indicated that poor readers did not differ from good readers in starting to work on assignments, having necessary materials available, making unacceptable noise, being out of place, or making unacceptable contact with other persons or their property. Poor readers, however, were off task more and volunteered less than good readers did. The results were interpreted to suggest that poor readers could be viewed as uninvolved students. Instructional suggestions are given.     

论蒯因的翻译的不确定性

在拒斥了意义的指称论和观念论后,蒯因认为只能以行为主义的方式来发现意义,即只能从可观察的、公开的言语行为中发现意义。由于缺少作为衡量标准的东西,言语行为也不能完全确定意义,由此产生了所谓的翻译的不确定性。翻译的不确定性是根本的,并非只存在于翻译中,而且不是翻译技巧等技术层面的完善所能弥补的。     

Self‐Management and Peer‐Monitoring within a group contingency to decrease uncontrolled verbalizations of children with Attention‐Deficit/hyperactivity disorder

This study examines the efficacy of an intervention designed to improve the classroom behavior of children identified with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The intervention entailed training a class of third‐grade students, including four students diagnosed with ADHD, to use self‐management and peer‐monitoring strategies embedded within a group contingency to decrease inappropriate verbalizations during class time. Findings indicated that the self‐monitoring/group contingency intervention substantially decreased inappropriate talking‐out behavior in all four subjects along with their matched controls. Implications as well as limitations within the study are discussed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Why do students exhibit different attention-related behavior during instruction? Investigating effects of individual and context-dependent determinants

To determine the success of their instruction, teachers need to rely on observable cues in students' behavior. However, students exhibit different attention-related behavior within one lesson as well as compared with their peers. It is not yet clear to what extent these differences result from the design of classroom instruction and how individual and contextual factors determine students' behavior during instruction. In the present study, we applied a continuous behavior-rating system to 10 classroom videos and based our analysis on 1200 1-s intervals of N = 199 students. Using dynamic structural equation modeling, students' attention-related behavior was primarily determined by contextual factors, stressing the important role of teachers but also the impact of factors that are unique in individual classrooms.     

Promoting effective teacher-feedback: from theory to practice through a multiple component trajectory for professional development

This study describes an evaluation of a theory-based trajectory for professional development called FeTiP (Feedback-Theory into Practice) that aims to have an observable effect on teacher classroom behavior. FeTiP is a multicomponent trajectory for professional development and combines several types of interventions. Its goal is to help teachers expand their feedback behavior in the classroom to provide more, and more effective (i.e. learning-enhancing), feedback. We first describe the foundation of FeTiP, with a central focus on how classroom behavior can be influenced by a multicomponent trajectory of professional development, as this is often a major aim in initiatives for the professional development of teachers but is the most difficult to establish. We describe the effects of FeTiP on the feedback behavior of teachers and attempt to explain why these effects occurred.     

Latent habituation of the orienting response in the preweanling rat

The effect of inhibiting the orienting response on information processing was examined in four experiments. A nonsignal auditory stimulus was presented four times to preweanhng rats either 30 sec or 15 min after they had been placed in an unfamiliar environment (Experiments 1A and 2), shocked (Experiment 1B)5 or experienced a shift in environmental context (Experiment 1C). Both an autonomic (heart rate) and a behavioral componentx of the orienting response to the novel stimulus were recorded. In the 15-min condition, the auditory stimulus elicited a consistent orienting response on the first trial that habituated rapidly with successive trials. In contrast, the auditory stimulus did not elicit a detectable orienting response in the 30-sec condition on any of the four trials. However, when the auditory stimulus was re-presented after a brief retention interval, a comparable level of habituation was seen in both groups. These results demonstrate that animals in the 30-sec condition detected, attended to, and encoded the auditory stimulus even though they did not orient, either autonomically or behaviorally, to that stimulus when it was first presented. This process of response-independent habituation is best described as latent habituation. Like latent learning, latent habituation took place in the absence of any observable change in behavior. The implications of this effect for current theories of habituation and of the orienting response are discussed.     

A big part of education also: A mixed-methods evaluation of a social and emotional learning (SEL) course for pre-service teachers

A teacher training course entitled Classroom and Individual Emotional and Behavioral Supports (CIEBS) includes four modules: School-wide Positive Behaviour Supports (SWPBS), Trust-based Relational Intervention (TBRI), Non- violent Crisis Intervention (NCI), and practicum experience. The present article describes the rationale for selecting each of these modules, the activities included in each module, and a mixed-methods evaluation of the course’s influence on its participants. Group-wide quantitative measures showed growth in the efficacy for classroom management and preparedness for dealing with students’ stress among the treatment group, with little observable change among control participants. Through pre-/post-course vignette responses, individual interviews, and focus group interviews, participants reported that the course helped them to become better prepared and more confident in their SEL abilities. The participants pointed to the neuroscience of complex trauma, as taught through the TBRI module, and active learning provided through NCI module as critical reasons for the course’s effectiveness.     

The impact of social style upon person perception in primary relationships

The concept of social style, or the observable style of communication behavior exhibited by each individual, was introduced. Two primary dimensions of communication behavior were identified: assertiveness and responsiveness. Combinations of high and low levels of each dimension yield four styles: expressive, driving, amiable, and analytical. Hypotheses were presented which suggest that the consequences of social style include varying person perceptions. These perceptions included versatility, trust, credibility, power, attraction, and similarity. Finally, it was suggested that style is stable for an individual across situations and contexts. Two hypotheses were derived in order to test the relationships between social style and person perception and a research question was posed in regard to the assumption of stability. One hundred sixty‐two people had acquaintances, friends, and co‐workers fill out the research instrument. The total N for the study was approximately 375. Results indicated that in those cases where measurement met a priori standards, hypotheses were supported. The only exception was that style did not result in differences in perceptions of the composure dimension of credibility. The notion of stability was also supported by the data.     

基本课型教学行为设计

"基本课型教学行为设计"是为解决课改中出现的课堂教学行为与课改理念脱节的问题而提出的,它基于特定课型必然有特定教学过程结构的理论,主张以学定教,强调可观、可测的行为设计。     

Looking Backward at Science Writing

Abstract

Different environmental education programs (field trips, hiking, camps, adventure activities) aim to develop pupils' affective relationship to the natural environment, their environmental sensitivity, and outdoor behavior, as well as their social relationships, through personal experiences. This study discusses the results of experiences from outdoor activities involving 11- and 12-year-old pupils in Rovaniemi and Vaasa, Finland. The qualitative research methods comprised case studies involving questionnaires, individual interviews, drawings, photographs of landscapes, and participant observations during camps. Nature experiences developed the pupils' self-confidence and feelings of safety, in particular, which in turn increased their willingness to participate in future outdoor activities. In this way, nature began to have new meanings for them on a personal level. Comparing pupils who were experienced in outdoor activities with pupils who were not, it was found that the former seemed to have a strong and clearly definable empathic relationship to nature. They also exhibited better social behavior and higher moral judgements. The reasons for conflicts between environmental attitudes and action, still observable in some experienced boys of the Vaasa group, are discussed in terms of conscious vs. unconscious action and applied knowledge. The role and possibilities of outdoor education in environmental education and natural studies are emphasized for schools as well as for teacher education.     

Operant Techniques in School Psychology

In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the fact that the role of the school psychologist in this country is changing. The conception of the school psychologist as psychometrician and clinician has given way to the notion that the school psychologist may best serve school needs by functioning as a consultant to the school (Derner, 1965; Leton, 1964; McDaniel & Ahr, 1965; Schmidt & Pena, 1964). A major part of consultant service involves work with teachers regarding the problems of children. The purpose of the present article is to describe the usefulness of operant techniques in enabling the school psychologist to implement effectively this aspect of his newly acquired consultant role. In a child's environment events precede and follow behavior. Events subsequent to behavior may accelerate the behavior, decelerate the behavior, or have no observable effect. Most subsequent events in a child's environment occur unsystematically. When the school psychologist aids teachers in arranging planned schedules of particular events to follow specific child behavior the operant approach is being employed. Figure 1 illustrates the operant paradigm.     

A Behavior Observation System for Group Supervision

A behavior observation system was developed for group supervision. The observation system was designed to measure the occurrence of verbal problem-solving behavior during group supervision meetings. Reliability data were obtained from four counseling teams' group supervision meetings at a residential facility for youngsters with social and emotional problems. Interrater agreement based on occurrences of verbal behavior indicated that the observation system has adequate reliability for preliminary research. Possible directions for research with the observation system are delineated.     

大学商科小组讨论互动有效性的中英视角对比研究

小组讨论是一种在中英大学商科课堂上常用的教学方法。英国文献中有比较成熟的关于“好的”小组讨论互动行为的描述,这些描述得到了教育学、语言学、商科教学等多方证实为在安格鲁-撒克逊文化下有利于小组合作学习的“有效”互动行为。文献中针对我国教师和学生所认为“好的”讨论互动行为的报道非常少。通过使用文献中能代表主要四种小组讨论互动方式的真实语料来探究并对比英国商科教师、中国商科教师和中国商科学生对小组讨论互动方式的认可程度及其原因,为下一步收集更详尽的我国文化下“好的”讨论互动行为以及论证其是否促进我国学生小组合作学习奠定基础。     

Student hand-raising as an indicator of behavioral engagement and its role in classroom learning

Hand-raising is an everyday student behavior during classroom discourse. The present study investigates hand-raising as an observable indicator of behavioral engagement and its relation to student achievement. We examine students’ hand-raising behavior during a videotaped lesson in high school classrooms (N = 266 students). Results from multilevel regression modeling linked the frequency of students’ engagement in hand-raising to academic achievement. Further, structural equation modeling was applied to investigate the interrelations between hand-raising, cognitive engagement, and teacher emotional support. Results indicate that hand-raising is associated with cognitive engagement and perceptions of teacher support and suggest that hand-raising may mediate the relation between teacher emotional support and academic achievement. The discussion highlights the utility of student hand-raising as a proxy for students’ active participation and engagement. We emphasize the study’s contribution to the engagement literature.     

The Effects of Classwide Self-Assessment on Preschool Children's Engagement in Transition,Free Play and Small Group Instruction

The effectiveness of using a group self-management procedure to increase the on-task behavior of four disruptive preschool boys was studied using a reversal design combined with a multiple baseline across settings design. Measures of child and teacher behavior were obtained through direct observation during free play, transition, and small group instruction activities. The classwide procedure, which included self-assessment by the students, matching the assessments with the teacher, and reinforcement based on a match between teacher and child ratings, was conducted by teachers in two classrooms located at a Head Start center in a large urban area. Results suggest that use of the procedure improved on-task behavior of the target students and decreased off-task and competing behavior. For the teachers, use of a group approach to self-management served the dual purpose of addressing individual student needs while promoting independent and responsible behavior for all members of the class.     

The effects of consultee-centered consultation on teacher behavior

The purpose of this investigation was to respond to two deficiencies in past consultation research. It described the consultee-centered consultation techniques which were used, and it attempted to demonstrate the effectiveness of consultee-centered consultation in changing observable teacher behavior. Evidence was presented to show how consultation was followed by a reduction in the negative verbal behavior of two out of three teachers who participated in the study. An attempt was made to show how this study related to Caplan's (1970) assumptions regarding consultee-centered case-consultation. It was concluded that multiple baseline designs offer a viable approach to experimental research in consultation with small numbers of subjects.