浅析“青蛙”方言词的造词理据

通过对"青蛙"在全国不同方言点的40多种方言词的收集,分析该词在不同方言点命名的理据及相关文化内涵,从而揭示词的表达形式和词义之间的内在联系。从分析结果来看,"青蛙"的命名理据主要包括显性理据中的颜色特征、形态特征、声音特征、词缀构词和上古音的转化等,还包括隐性理据中的文化心理等若干方面。     

张掖方言词汇的构词理据及文化内涵研究

以张掖方言词汇为研究对象,选取张掖各市志方言部分具有代表性的方言词汇作为研究对象,并在实地调查的基础上添加、补充方言词,分析张掖方言词汇的构词理据,探讨构词理据中所反映的文化内涵。     

闽南方言时间词语研究

对闽南方言中特有的时间词语从构词理据和文化特征两个角度进行分析,力求说明闽南方言时间词语的特点。闽南方言时间词语在构词理据方面具有一定的独特性,包括名量结构及形量结构的偏正式复合构词,偏义复词构词,同义连用构词,缩略方式构词,词素组合逆序构词和特有构词成分等。在文化特征方面,它显现出闽南方言中留存的古语积淀,体现了闽南地区与外国的频繁交流,也展示出闽南地区的日常生活习俗。     

客赣方言动物类词语差异比较——以梅县话和南昌话为例

比较客方言代表点梅县话与赣方言代表点南昌话中的动物类词语,可以看出其差异表现最多的是构词语素部分不同,构词语素完全不同的也不少,最少的是构词语素顺序相反。产生差异的原因主要是传承的古语词不同、命名的理据不同以及区域的文化不同。     

安顺汉语方言词的构词理据及文化内涵研究

以安顺汉语方言的部分例词为研究对象进行研究,可知安顺汉语方言的构词理据同样可分为直接命名和间接命名两种方式,直接命名包括客观事物的外在特征,事物所处的时间、处所等,间接命名不仅涵盖借喻引申、借代引申,而且还有委婉与忌讳及义位变体三个重要内容。据此,能在一定程度上挖掘出安顺汉语方言词语形成的社会文化根源,揭示安顺汉语方言的特点。     

当代成都方言新词汇例释——兼论其造词心理与民间文化意蕴

通过对成都方言新词汇中部分名词、动词、形容词构词理据的分析,揭示了它们各自产生的社会心理基础及其所体现出的民间文化风貌,阐释了方言词汇尤其是方言新词汇对成都人的生活习惯和性格心理所具有的文化镜像意义.     

江津方言动物名称词考察

江津方言属西南官话,该文对江津方言中动物名称词的语音、构词理据、源流等方面进行了考察,在一定程度上丰富了汉语方言词汇研究,对该方言的语言文化研究有着积极的作用。     

英语商标词的构词理据分析

商标词是商品的文字语言称谓,其构成是有理据的.英语商标词是根据商品的特点、性能、用途等,采用各种方法和理据,综合语言、文化、心理、市场、美学等诸学科的原理创造出来的.本文从语音、构词、语义三方面对英语商标词的构词理据进行分析,以期对我国出口商品命名起一定借鉴作用.     

焦作方言中的“圪”前缀

本从构词类型，语法功能，产生理据诸方面简析了焦作方言中“圪”作为前缀广泛应用于合成词的构成这一重要语法特点。     

俄汉语植物名称等值构词理据研究

对俄汉语植物名称构词理据进行研究,将植物名称构词理据分为直接理据性和间接理据性。两种构词理据建立在以下特征基础上:外形理据、地点理据、功用理据、生态理据、时间理据。同时,对俄汉植物名称等值构词理据进行阐述,其中包括10对直接理据名称、12对间接理据名称。俄汉语中名称理据的等值现象反映了语言与客观现实,与人类思维规律及其他心理过程之间密切的关系。     

容器方位词里、内、中、外的空间意义

对方位词的研究由来已久,也有很多学者对“里”、“内”、“中”、“外”做过研究。目前对“里”、“内”、“中”、“外”的研究要在前人研究的基础上更加深入,从这些词的根源上找出它们的内在联系,把它们统一命名为容器方位词,从认知心理的角度来探讨它们细微的差异。     

Reading and spelling in adults: are there lexical and sub‐lexical subtypes?

The dual‐route model of reading proposes distinct lexical and sub‐lexical procedures for word reading and spelling. Lexically reliant and sub‐lexically reliant reader subgroups were selected from 78 university students on the basis of their performance on lexical (orthographic) and sub‐lexical (phonological) choice tests, and on irregular and nonword naming. In spelling of irregular words and nonwords to dictation, the group comparisons failed to support the dissociative predictions for lexical and sub‐lexical reliance that were derived from the dual‐route model: lexical readers were not superior to sub‐lexical readers on spelling irregular words as well as inferior to sub‐lexical readers on spelling regular letter strings (nonwords). In line with a single‐route view, print exposure and phonological coding (nonword naming accuracy) appear to be key factors in the effective learning of both regular and irregular words.     

Phonological knowledge and naming ability in children with reading disability

Children who are poor readers have difficulty naming pictured objects. Their naming difficulty could be a result of inadequate representations of the phonology of words, inadequate processing of those representations, or both. In this study, third-grade good and poor readers were tested on object naming, and, in cases of naming failure, forced-choice recognition tasks were used to probe their knowledge of the phonology of the object names. The two reading groups showed no differences in their ability to select the initial phonemes or rhymes of object names they had not produced spontaneously. Moreover, initial phoneme prompts were helpful for both reading groups. The children differed, however, in their ability to produce words after being given rhyme information. The results indicated that, except in the ability to manipulate explicitly phonological information, the poor readers; performance was qualitatively similar to that of the good readers. It is suggested that training in phonological analysis may help poor readers overcome the deficiencies in establishing and processing phonological representations that lead to their quantitative deficit in object naming.     

Effects of Contextual Constraints and Non-fixated Words in a Simple Reading Task

An experiment is reported which investigates the perceptual span available to skilled readers in a single fixation. After adult readers had listened to an incomplete sentence they were presented tachistoscopically with a word which they were to name aloud. Congruency between sentence and word facilitated naming, but the presence of an unattended word in the right visual field confounded this relationship. If the unattended word was also congruent, then the naming response was further facilitated, but a congruent unattended word interfered with the naming of an incongruent attended word. This relationship did not hold for unattended words which were presented in the left visual field, and which did not appear to have been processed for meaning. An effect of an unattended word upon the naming of a fixated word suggests that skilled readers recognize the meanings of more words than are fixated. Skilled readers may use the meanings of words ahead of fixation to enrich their interpretation of the text, or use those words more simply as markers to guide future eye-movements to the location of the next useful fixation.     

Phonological and semantic factors in the object-naming errors of skilled and less-skilled readers

Children who read poorly have difficulty naming objects, and their errors usually bear a semantic or a phonetic resemblance to the correct words. Excessive semantic and phonetic naming errors could both be due to underlying phonological deficiencies in poor readers. When children cannot name an object because its name is not represented well in long-term memory or cannot be processed well, semantic information as well as partially available phonological information may be used in selecting an alternative response. This hypothesis was tested by looking for the joint influence of semantics and phonology in the naming errors of third-grade children. The same children were asked to name a set of pictured objects, repeat the object names after being spoken by the examiner, and recognize the objects from their spoken names. A separate group of children produced associative responses to the same pictures. First, it was found that, compared with skilled readers, less-skilled readers who named objects without any time pressure had a deficit that could not be attributed to repetition difficulty or limited vocabulary. Second, the naming errors showed a semantic relationship to the correct words that was as strong as that of the associative responses. Third, the naming errors also showed a phonetic relationship to the correct words, whereas the associative responses did not. Finding a joint semantic and phonetic effect in the naming errors of children suggests that the errors may be attributable to phonological deficiencies.     

The effect of phonological analysis training on naming performance

Children who are poor readers have difficulty naming pictured objects. Previous research has shown that while poor readers have the same amount of tacit phonological knowledge about words they cannot retrieve as good readers, they cannot use this initial phoneme and rhyme information to produce these words. In this study, thirdgrade good and poor readers participated in a training session to explicitly teach them how to manipulate the phonological structure of words as a means of facilitating naming ability. Both groups benefited from training, even though the good readers performed consistently better than poor readers. It is suggested that with more extensive training, poor readers may learn to use their tacit phonological knowledge of words they have difficulty retrieving spontaneously, by generating and using their own phonemic and rhyme cues independently.     

Sublexical and lexical processing of the English orthography among native speakers of Chinese and Korean

Comparisons of the effects of typical and atypical typeface on reading performance among readers of different linguistic backgrounds may yield new insights into the psychology of word recognition. A total of 143 adults (i.e., 50 Chinese, 55 Koreans, 38 native English speakers) participated in the study that involved two computer-based naming tests. The tests presented words with letters that varied in size and shape in Experiment 1 and words containing scrambled letters in Experiment 2. Results from Experiment 1 showed that the interference effect of size and shape on word naming accuracy and latency was robust for all readers. Likewise, results from Experiment 2 showed a broad interference effect of scrambled letters on word naming; however, scrambled letters appeared less disruptive to word naming among Chinese readers compared to their Korean and native English speaking counterparts. Taken together, Chinese speakers were less efficient in recognizing atypical words at the sublexical level, but more efficient at the lexical level.     

The effects of morphological semantics on the processing of Japanese two-kanji compound words

The present study investigated the way in which the activation of semantic representations at the morpheme level affects the processing of two-kanji (morpheme) compound words. Three types of Japanese two-kanji compound words were used as stimulus items: (1) words consisting of two kanji representing opposite concepts (e.g., long + short = length), (2) words consisting of two kanji representing similar concepts (e.g., soft + flexible = pliable), and (3) control words consisting of two closely bound kanji (e.g., wild + field = wilderness). Words consisting of kanji of opposite concepts (M = 768 ms for LD and M = 645 ms for naming) were processed more slowly for lexical decision, but not for naming, than words with kanji of similar concepts (M = 743 ms for LD and M = 636 ms for naming), both of which were, furthermore, processed more slowly for lexical decision and naming than the control compound words (M = 716 ms for LD and M = 590 ms for naming). These results were explained in the framework of the multiple-level interactive-activation model as follows. Because kanji morphemes of opposite and similar concepts are semantically activated both as morpheme units and compound word units, semantic representations of the two morphemes and the compound word which they create compete with each other at the concept level, which slows down lexical decision and naming of the compound word.     

An Analysis of the Word Naming Errors of Normal Readers and Reading Disabled Children in Spanish

In the current research the performance of children with and without reading disabilities was compared on a single word naming task. An analysis was carried out of the frequency and form of naming errors produced by the groups when naming real words and nonwords in a transparent orthography such as Spanish. A sample of 132 (45 normal readers, 87 reading disabled) Spanish children aged 9–10 years were selected, and an experiment was carried out to investigate if students with reading disabilities would have particular difficulties in naming words under conditions that require extensive phonological computation. While the children were performing the naming task, we recorded what they read to subsequently analyse the form, as well as the frequency, of naming errors as a function of lexicality, word frequency, word length and positional frequency of syllables. Disabled readers made more errors in nonwords, low frequency words and long nonwords. The findings support the hypothesis that poor phonological skills are a characteristic of reading disabled children.     

Object-naming deficits in developmental dyslexia

This paper reports two experiments which focus on the object naming deficits of dyslexic readers. In Experiment 1, dyslexic and normal readers were asked to name objects depicted by pictures or following their spoken definition. Ten-year-old dyslexics named fewer objects correctly than other children of a similar age, performing only as well as a younger group of 8-year-old normal readers. This was true irrespective of the modality through which they were tested. In terms of naming latency, however, they were similar to comparison groups. In Experiment 2, nine-year-old dyslexic and normal readers performed as well as each other in a receptive vocabulary test in which pictures had to be matched to spoken words. However, once again, on a picture naming test, the dyslexics did less well than controls. We argue that dyslexic children are subject to verbal naming difficulties which cannot be accounted for by generally low levels of vocabulary knowledge. Their problems are attributable not to difficulties in semantic representation but to difficulties with the lexical-phonological representation of spoken words they know. We propose that, in turn, these difficulties are related to their memory and reading problems.