“嵌入”与“破局”：疫情背景下我国国际科研合作关系的延续与创新

本研究分析了2016—2021年我国国际科研合作的特点与趋势。通过对中国学者国际合作文章发表数据的描述性分析和对参与国际合作的18位中国学者的访谈，分析了疫情背景下中国国际科研合作在伙伴国家、合作学科、合作模式等方面的趋势，探讨了影响我国建立和保持国际科研合作关系的因素。研究发现，中美合作势头较之十年前有所放缓，中国与“一带一路”国家的科研合作增长较快，且学科分布较为广泛。“优先依附”与“同质性”是中国与传统科研伙伴合作的重要机制，新的国际局势和新冠疫情制约了中国学者新型国际合作关系的建立，影响程度与其合作关系的来源和强度有关。未来中国可将“一带一路”国家作为国际科研合作的增长点，着力提升对关键合作要素的贡献，建立跨国合作“退潮”的防御机制，以应对新形势下所可能面临的风险与挑战。     

Globalisation,transnational academic mobility and the Chinese knowledge diaspora: an Australian case study

The master discourses of economic globalisation and the knowledge economy each cite knowledge diasporas as vital ‘trans-national human capital’. Based on a case study of a major Australian university, this article examines the potential to deploy China's large and highly-skilled diaspora in the service of Chinese and Australian scientific and technological development. It finds that at a time when much of the world is deeply mired in a global financial crisis, this treasured resource of highly-skilled intellectuals assumes even greater significance. Meanwhile, there are key challenges to be confronted to fully utilise China's overseas talent. It argues that the Chinese knowledge diaspora are a modern kind of cosmopolitan literati, and could contribute actively to higher education internationalisation in both Australia and China.     

A Reflection on the Effects of the 985 Project

China's 985 Project, which came after the 211 Project, is a key program of the Chinese government to create world-class universities and high-level research universities. The central government invested a total of RMB32.9 billion in special funds for phase I (1999-2001) and phase II (2004-2007) of the project, assisting thirty-nine universities. After the establishment of the 985 Project, the international competitiveness and internationalization level of its participating institutions were significantly increased; there were improvements in their technological innovation capacity; and their leading position in China's higher education system was further consolidated. There are still large gaps, however, between the 985 Project schools and world-class universities in terms of leading research and top-notch researchers. The implementation of the 985 Project has not fundamentally changed the research models or research culture at the participating universities. At the same time, the selection procedures for 985 schools are not open to the public. The universities selected gain a variety of immense tangible and intangible benefits, whereas schools not selected have in many ways lost a fair opportunity to compete.     

海外经历能否提升科研论文产出？——以长江学者为例

随着科技全球化进程的深化，人才的国际流动日益频繁。那么海外经历能否提升科研论文产出？本文聚焦我国高层次人才“长江学者奖励”计划，以1998－2017年入选的1782名长江学者特聘教授为研究对象，构建长江学者特聘教授履历数据库与科研数据库，从学习、工作两个维度实证研究了海外经历对高层次人才科研论文产出的影响效应。研究发现，海外经历正向影响国际科研合作与国际科研生产力。具言之，不同类别的海外经历对科研论文产出的正向影响具有差异性，海外学习经历的正向效应远远大于海外工作经历的正向效应，海归学者在科研论文产出上的优势因学科领域与高校平台的不同而差异性显著。     

Returnees and Diaspora as Source of Innovation in Chinese Higher Education

This paper highlights how returnees and knowledge diaspora are important sources for China’s human resources development, identifying push and pull factors that also contribute significantly to innovation in the higher education sector. By outlining China’s key projects and schemes for recruiting international professional workers, the paper argues that bringing advanced knowledge and skills back to a country of origin through international education and experiences is neither new, nor limited to China. At the same time, the rise of a large, worldwide Chinese knowledge diaspora is now of global importance in promoting transnational scientific and business networks that underpin both research and development, and the quest for world-class universities. China’s size and weight, its determination to boost development and improve its higher education system, as well as the willingness of both diaspora and returnees to contribute, constitute its advantages. However, there remain limitations to its success, notably a lack of high-quality research, reservations regarding new ideas, low awareness of international collaborations, too much attention given to material rewards and quick results, corruption, and too many administrative controls and government regulations.     

An Exploration of the Readiness,Challenges and Expected Support for Their Overseas Study of Chinese Business and Management Programme Students

Chinese students are the largest international student cohort in the higher education institutions of English‐speaking developed countries. The paper explores strategies to enhance the Chinese students' learning efficacy in overseas institutions. This research differs from other research focusing on international students already in English‐speaking institutions; it explores the readiness of potential Chinese international students before departure from China, their anticipated challenges for study abroad and expected support from host institutions and staff. Besides the insights of anticipated challenges and expected support, the key findings include: the majority of the sample students are financially ready for overseas study, however they are not fully ready on English language; students from the public institute in the study have a higher level of readiness for subject knowledge than their private institute's peers. The findings offer a guide, to both the English‐speaking institutions and their Chinese partners, on facilitating, teaching and preparing the Chinese students for a fruitful learning experience abroad and enhanced academic performance.     

Seeking excellence in the move to a mass system: Institutional responses of key Chinese comprehensive universities

Since the late 1990s the Chinese government has implemented two key policies for the development of higher education. The first was launching Project 985, with the purpose of seeking excellence through creating internationally competitive universities. The second was a radical move to a mass system of higher education. In this context, China’s top universities have faced dual missions, each with their challenges: playing key roles in the revolutionary expansion process on the one hand and closing the gap between them and top universities around the world through the implementation of Project 985, on the other. It is thus important to know about how these institutions have transformed themselves for excellence through the implementation of these policies. With the three cases of Peking, Nanjing and Xiamen Universities, this paper aims to examine each institutional response and the broad changes that have come about in these top Chinese comprehensive universities. It looks especially at the divergent trajectories these institutions have followed in balancing their elite and mass education functions, their global, national and local missions, the pursuit of excellence alongside of a commitment to equity, efforts at curricular comprehensivization while preserving unique historical strengths, and finally globalization and localization. From two higher education frameworks, one based on epistemological considerations and the other on political philosophy, that are equally important in light of China’s traditions, the paper concludes that Chinese universities will continuously but selectively respond to the national expansion policy with various institutional models of seeking excellence that enable them to contribute to Chinese society and the global community in the future.     

职业教育国际合作中的知识溢出：动力、途径与效应

在深化对外开放背景下,职业教育国际合作是中国参与全球职业教育治理的重要途径。“鲁班工坊”作为我国最具影响的职业教育国际合作模式,是职业教育响应国家“一带一路”倡议和服务中国企业“走出去”的标志性成果。本研究以全球“鲁班工坊”为例,探寻职业教育国际合作组织之间协同发展的机制与规律,发现职业教育国际合作组织相辅相成、相互促进,存在知识溢出现象。其中,显性的空间距离和隐形的认知距离是职业教育国际合作中知识溢出的主要动力;项目建设要求的质量评估标准、教师培训的EPIP教学模式、引入第三方议事协调机构的治理方式是职业教育国际合作中知识溢出的主要途径;连锁效应、模仿效应、交流效应、竞争效应、带动效应与激励效应是职业教育国际合作中知识溢出的主要效应。     

构建“中国教育走出去”战略的四个基本问题

“走出去”已成为中国教育对外开放的重要方向。从战略构建的角度看,“中国教育走出去”亟须回应四个基本问题:其一,从传统中国的文化信仰,当代中国的现实利益以及可能产生的国际贡献中寻求“走出去”的重要意义;其二,界定作为抽象主体的国家与作为行动主体的政府、教育组织、企业、非政府组织所应扮演的角色;其三,在资源与知识的二元分类框架中理解“中国教育走出去”的内容载体,并推进其由硬投入向软影响转变;其四,充分利用有效的国际机制,拓展“中国教育走出去”的路径。     

College Admissions,International Competition,and the Cold War in Asia: The Case of Overseas Chinese Students in Taiwan in the 1950s

Focusing only on education exchanges between the United States and other countries, existing scholarship fails to illuminate how American‐sponsored student migrations between other countries helped expand U.S. hegemony. This article attempts to rectify this limitation by looking at Taiwan's policies on overseas Chinese students (qiaosheng) in the 1950s. After the debacle of the Chinese Civil War and its retreat to Taiwan, the Kuomintang (KMT) sought to solicit overseas Chinese support and to counter Communist China's drive for “returning students.” The KMT‐developed qiaosheng program faced difficulties until 1954, when the United States, seeing that Taiwan's project could serve its anti‐Communist plan, started bankrolling the qiaosheng program, thereby enabling the KMT to lure more students away from Communist China. These findings suggest that overlooking U.S.‐sponsored student migrations between nations outside the United States renders our analysis of international education exchanges and American imperialism incomplete.     

“双一流”建设高校海归教师的二元学术网络特征

基于35所“双一流”建设高校的教师调查数据,根据近似性理论和社会网络理论分析海归教师的海外和本土二元学术网络特征,考察海外流动的学术网络构建作用。研究发现,海外流动对海外和本土学术网络产生相反的影响,海外流动经历显著优化了海归教师的海外学术网络规模、关系强度和网络顶端,但显著降低了本土学术网络关系强度。不同类型的海外流动对学术网络构建的影响作用存在差异,海外博士/工作流动对海外学术网络的优化作用和对本土学术网络的削弱作用最大,其次是海外博士留学,最后是海外工作流动。不同回国阶段海归教师的二元学术网络特征存在显著差异,随着回国时间的推移,海归教师的海外学术网络优势逐渐下降,本土学术网络劣势有所修复。高校应充分利用海归教师的跨国社会资本优势提升中国高等教育的国际化水平,并促进海归教师尽快融入本土学术圈。     

中国素质教育发展中的得与失

中国教育在70年的发展历程中，坚持以培养全面发展的人才为教育目标，取得了令人瞩目的成就。如今，中国正从教育大国逐渐走向教育强国，足见其教育方针的基本内容和方向是好的、正确的。针对改革开放以来的中国教育状况，从泰国华人的视角，对中国素质教育在实施过程中的得与失进行了分析和思考，探讨了中国在素质教育改革与发展中存在的问题及解决对策，并得出结论：中国素质教育要有全局的考虑，要适应中国和全球经济、社会发展的需要。只有对文化科学知识教育和品德修养教育给以同等重视，中国的素质教育才能培养出更多品学兼优且适应社会发展的人才，才能满足中国经济高速发展和树立良好国际形象的需要。     

The Emerging Chinese Institutional Architecture in Higher Education

The article reviews the global landscape of higher education with the anticipation of an emerging Chinese institutional architecture in Asia-Pacific higher education. It starts with a theoretical framework for analyzing the functionalities of values and institutions in international higher education by adopting Joseph Nye's concept of soft power. In particular, it considers the Chinese cultural values and ranking systems/citations indexes as resources projecting the soft power of China in the arena of higher education. While China still plays the role of norm taker in the existing geopolitical sphere of knowledge construction, this article argues the possibility that China will change its role to norm setter by examining its potential institutional architecture in knowledge construction. On this basis, it argues that China may be able to increase its influence in higher education in the region through promoting China's academic practices and standards.     

全球治理视域下我国高等教育国际化：内涵新解与实践进路

高等教育国际化既是新时代我国高等教育高质量发展的应然要求,也是参与全球教育治理体系和彰显全球教育治理能力的重要尺度。从全球治理的视域出发,构建“价值共识-制度公约-组织协商”的多维度分析框架,以此梳理我国高等教育国际化实践从接纳共享到输出共享、从场外接轨到场内共建、从松散联合到协作共商的演变特征,并揭示出当前我国高等教育国际化发展面临三大矛盾：价值共识共享中的路径依赖掣肘、制度公约共建中的本土角色暗淡、组织协商共商中的合力发挥不足。基于此,我们应加强文化自觉,构建中国高等教育国际话语体系;提升制度能力,深度参与高等教育国际规则的实施与制定;注重多元面向,打造分层分类的国际化网络协商新格局,以提升我国高等教育国际化水平和全球教育治理能力。     

Globalisation and Chinese knowledge diaspora: An Australian case study

In a context of intensified globalisation, knowledge diaspora as “trans-national human capital” have become increasingly valuable to society. With an awareness of a need for more empirical studies especially in Australia, this article concentrates on a group of academics who were working at a major university in Australia and came originally from the Chinese mainland. The study explores their life, work and international research collaborations, using a case study approach with semi-structured interviews as the data collection method. The study found that while globalisation shapes the work and the contributions to Australia, by academics from China, they exert their initiatives to respond to and further reshape globalisation. Equipped with their Chinese cultural and educational backgrounds, academic experience in the West, and active membership in the international knowledge system, the Chinese knowledge diaspora are a modern kind of cosmopolitan literati. They are aware of the impact of globalisation and contribute actively to higher education internationalisation in both Australia and China, have maintained their cultural identity and made good use of their Chinese educational background. Their international collaborations, however, are more likely to be with the scholars from Western countries due to some difficulties they have experienced in China and Australia, and to the current setup of the global knowledge system.     

中国基础教育研究的国际影响审视：主题、价值表述与被引

基于对99篇研究中国基础教育的SSCI高被引论文的主题分布、对中国基础教育研究价值的表述以及被引用情况的分析,发现这些高被引论文通过凸显中国学生的优异成绩、揭示与他国教育存在的共性问题等方式吸引了国际学界关注,但对有中国特色教育实践的描述分析以及对中国基础教育独特研究价值的发掘尚有不足。相关成果对中国基础教育研究价值的建构方式需要实现从成绩到经验、从问题到方案、从数据到理论的转变,才能进一步提升中国教育研究的国际学术影响力。     

高等教育中外合作办学的功能定位及其再思考

中外合作办学定位于中国教育事业的重要组成部分,具有公益性,其核心功能在于优质教育资源的引进,进而推动中国教育事业的改革和发展。在发展过程中,中外合作办学目前的定位为引进海外优质资源起到了重要保障作用,无论是办学主体,还是老师和学生,都受益良多。然而,其定位与现实需求依然存在一些隐性的矛盾,这又导致了中外合作办学的最大优势未能充分发挥,因此,需要重新思考与中外合作办学定位相关的问题。     

Prospect and Limits of China-EU Relations in Higher Education: A Danish Case Study

Along with China’s economic growth, the notable rise of its universities and innovation system has inspired growing interest in how the higher education institutions (HEIs) of the European Union (EU) cooperate with Chinese HEIs. Beginning with a review of China-EU higher education relations, this paper presents a case study of a Sino-Danish collaborative programme in which cooperation and programme quality were limited by both partners’ different aims over time, and their alternate quality assurance systems. We suggest a proper collaborative level and discipline should be developed before the establishment of cooperation by taking relevant policies, merits and disadvantages of both partners, into consideration. This paper also points out that limits in collaboration can be alleviated, if a number of elements can be used effectively, such as China’s significant EU knowledge diaspora. Given this and other listed factors, including favorable policies introduced by the Chinese government, there are substantial prospects for extending China-EU collaborative relations and exchanges.     

The Role of Biology in Environmental Education

Within 24 hours after our arrival in Peking, all of us became aware of the primacy of the "socialist work ethic" in China's developmental effort. The message came via the loudspeakers on the street corner, the signs on the primary-school playground, and our observations of the students' "production time" in their first grade classes. The impact was clear. One's attitude towards work and his or her specific contributions to group projects was regarded as a key indicator of the individual's loyalty and patriotism.     

华侨精神与全球化背景下的侨乡发展——以广东江门五邑侨乡为例

不同地域和类型的侨乡有不同的“侨乡优势”,但侨乡优势更多地体现为一种自强不息的精神遗产。在全球化加速推进的时代,侨乡优势也表现为海外华人对祖籍国、祖籍地的文化认同,以及侨乡与海外华人间构建起的各种资源网络。侨乡人与海外华人在祖籍地发展中获得共赢,是发挥侨乡优势的必要条件。