迈向更有效的反馈:哈蒂"可见的学习"的模式

"可见的学习"研究发现,反馈是影响学业成就的最有力的因素之一.但反馈的有效性展现出很大的差异,有必要寻找使反馈效用最大化的途径.本文回顾了反馈从行为主义到认知主义、建构主义三种范式的转变,述评了哈蒂的反馈模型,探讨了如何构建更全面的反馈框架,尤其强调了反馈过程产生影响的学习者个人因素和情境因素.在此基础上,文章讨论了将反馈融入课堂教学需要考虑的复杂维度,包括反馈的时机、互动结构及媒介.     

智能教学反馈的目标、机制与架构

反馈是有效教学中不可或缺的要素，智能技术在教育领域的兴起为形成性、个性化的教学反馈带来新的可能。对相关研究进行系统性梳理能够为智能反馈系统的设计、开发与应用提供指导。从目标、作用机制和系统架构三个维度对智能教学反馈的研究现状进行分析后发现：基于智能技术的教学反馈旨在为学习者的认知、情感与态度、元认知带来积极影响，促使学习者改进当前状态和学习成效。在反馈作用机制层面，基于正确/错误响应的自动反馈通常采用基于规则的匹配模式，通过对比答案正误来触发反馈；个性化教学反馈的关键在于构建学习者模型，使教学反馈适应不同学生的特征，并结合本体论或采用多轮人机对话的方式实现教学反馈的个性化；人机协同反馈通过实现教师、学生与计算机之间的互动与互补，来提升教学反馈的有效性。在系统架构层面，反馈系统由输入层、分析层、推理生成层三个层次组成，通过一系列算法模型和反馈机制生成反馈决策，其与学习者模型、专家模型、领域模型的相互作用决定着教学反馈的精确性与适应程度。     

为英语错题开"妙方"

课堂是素质教育的主渠道，试卷是教与学展示的操作平台，而试卷分析则是反馈教学成败不可缺少的主渠道。教师们通过批改，能及时获取反馈信息，进行回授教学，而回授的形式则表现在对这些练习的评析上。     

浅谈英语写作"焦点式反馈"

英语写作“焦点式反馈”是以语言交际为根本目的的一种教学反馈模式，通过引导学生有选择地运用有助于词语输出的词语学习策略，使学生在写作过程中，通过对单词在不同语境中的运用进行“焦点式”的纠错性反馈，经过反复反馈，重新调整他们使用的词汇学习策略，增强学生学习词语的效果，提高学生写作水平。     

国外形成性教学反馈的研究及启示

国外对于形成性教学反馈的研究从反馈的意义和功能出发，研究其特征（即确定性和精致性），影响反馈有效性的内部因素（明确性、复杂性、导向性和支架性）及外部因素（反馈的时机、学习者的学习水平、回答的确信度、目标取向及参照方式），最终得出有效反馈的特征。对我国的反馈研究和教学实践具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

反馈放大电路的反馈类型及反馈性质的判别

本文提出了一些判别反馈类型及反馈极性的简单实用的方法，有助于我们正确迅速地分析反馈放大器。     

关于师生对纠正性反馈的态度的调查

采用问卷形式调查了教师与学生对课堂语言教学中纠正性反馈的看法，旨在发现两者对反馈以及不同反馈方式的态度有何差异；了解学生对纠正性反馈的接受程度以及对不同反馈方式的偏好，为教师进行有效的反馈提供参考和依据，在反馈过程中做到有的放矢。     

用反馈网络法判断放大器的反馈性质

负反馈放大器以优良的性能得到了广泛应用，然而学生往往觉得判断反馈的正负性质比较困难，尤其是复杂电路。本文提出了放大器反馈性质的另一种判断方法——反馈网络法。该法直观、逻辑清晰，结合瞬时极性判断法，使反馈性质的判断方法多样化，非常灵活方便，使反馈性质的判断不觉得困难。     

反馈系数特征的定量研究

从研究串并联反馈机理出发，得出表达反馈特征的反馈系数与电路参数等量之间的内在关系．同时得出对反馈效果的影响。     

提高小学英语课堂中教师口头反馈的有效性

本文针对小学英语课堂教学中教师口头反馈存在的低效现象，强调了反馈的重要性，并从课堂教学实践出发阐述了幽默风趣式、情感交流式、自然生成式和巧妙化解式四种有效的口头反馈方式，同时提出运用口头反馈时需要注意的事项。     

Feedback loops and the longer-term: towards feedback spirals

A key challenge for feedback practice involves promoting student uptake through the closing of feedback loops. This paper investigates feedback loops by using the concepts of single and double-loop learning to interrogate student responses to feedback. Single-loop learning tackles an identified problem or task, whereas double-loop learning additionally re-evaluates how the problem or task is approached. Evidence from a five-year longitudinal enquiry into four undergraduate students’ experiences of feedback is used to analyse feedback loops. Students reported a variety of experiences: failing to engage significantly with end-of-semester comments; short-term uptake within modules which had two assignments; and longer-term efforts at improving their learning strategies. A model of long-term student engagement with feedback is proposed, including single-loop feedback processes, double-loop feedback processes and unresolved learning puzzles. Whereas feedback loops are mainly focused on the shorter-term, it is suggested that feedback spirals represent an alternative way of analysing complex, iterative longer-term learning processes. Implications for practice focus on student self-regulation and the development of student feedback literacy.     

语言学硕士毕业论文导师电子反馈的个案研究

导师反馈是学生修改学位论文的关键依据,在毕业论文的完成过程中起着至关重要的作用。至今,对导师反馈焦点的研究很少。该研究是英语语言学硕士毕业论文指导教师电子反馈焦点的个案研究。通过对一位导师3年来指导的10名研究生的862条反馈意见的梳理和分析,找出了导师反馈的特点、内容、类型和意义。结果表明,导师反馈意见主要涉及以下几个方面:与论文内容相关的反馈、与体裁相关的反馈、对论文组织结构的反馈以及针对语言准确性的反馈。其中,缺少近5年来的最新文献是与内容相关反馈中最突出的问题;在涉及体裁/组织结构的反馈中,论文缺乏逻辑性的问题非常突出;针对语言方面的反馈占了反馈的89%,说明英语语言表达准确性和适宜性是硕士学位论文中需要解决的问题。     

关于留学生对教师教学反馈态度的调查研究

文章针对留学生对汉语课＂教师反馈＂的态度做了全面的调查。调查结果发现：（1）学生普遍认为教师的口头反馈和书面反馈很重要;（2）初级汉语学习者更喜欢积极反馈,而中高级学习者更偏爱纠正性反馈;（3）初级学习者更依赖教师的口头纠错,而中高级学习者不太喜欢老师当众口头纠错;（4）学生最喜欢的纠正性反馈形式是＂重铸＂和＂明确纠正＂;（5）多数学生认为纠错的主体应主要为教师,同伴纠错被排在了最后。通过调查,建议汉语教师在提供教学反馈前,应充分考虑到学生不同的认知水平、情感因素和对反馈形式的偏好。     

构建动作技能学习的反馈时机模式

通过对体育专业体育系学生田径运动技术教学课进行长达两年的对比教学实验研究发现:在技术动作初学阶段,即刻反馈的反馈效能优于延迟反馈;在技术动作熟练阶段,适当的延迟反馈其反馈效能优于即刻反馈;在技术动作初学阶段,教师提供即刻反馈,技术动作熟练后,提供适当的延迟反馈,这种反馈时机模式的反馈效能优于单纯的即刻反馈或延迟反馈.     

What makes for effective feedback: staff and student perspectives

Since the early 2010s the literature has shifted to view feedback as a process that students do where they make sense of information about work they have done, and use it to improve the quality of their subsequent work. In this view, effective feedback needs to demonstrate effects. However, it is unclear if educators and students share this understanding of feedback. This paper reports a qualitative investigation of what educators and students think the purpose of feedback is, and what they think makes feedback effective. We administered a survey on feedback that was completed by 406 staff and 4514 students from two Australian universities. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted on data from a sample of 323 staff with assessment responsibilities and 400 students. Staff and students largely thought the purpose of feedback was improvement. With respect to what makes feedback effective, staff mostly discussed feedback design matters like timing, modalities and connected tasks. In contrast, students mostly wrote that high-quality feedback comments make feedback effective – especially comments that are usable, detailed, considerate of affect and personalised to the student’s own work. This study may assist researchers, educators and academic developers in refocusing their efforts in improving feedback.     

国内近十年二语写作书面反馈研究之述评

书面反馈是国外二语写作研究的热点,近年来在国内也兴起了一股研究热潮。本文从该研究的发展阶段、反馈类型及其有效性和教师反馈与同伴反馈之比较三个方面对近十年发表在核心期刊的相关文章展开述评,指出已有研究的不足和未来的研究方向。     

谈教师对学生的反馈

教师对学生反馈是外语教学的重要环节之一。本文将首先从理论概念和现状两个角度对教师反馈这一重要问题进行探讨。作者对反馈内容提出建议,包括提供有信息含量的反馈,提供形成性反馈,提供真实的反馈,提供有价值的反馈,以及提供能促进合作学习的反馈。     

大学英语写作应注重反馈环节

英语写作是英语教学的一个重要环节,也是衡量学生语言水平的重要标准。本文从我国大学英语写作教学的现状出发,指出大学英语写作教学应注重反馈环节。因为不论是教师的书面反馈还是学生对教师反馈的反馈,它们都对提高学生的写作水平大有帮助。并且在实施反馈教学环节当中,一定要注意反馈的及时性,激励性,启发性和针对性。     

The development of student feedback literacy: the influences of teacher feedback on peer feedback

Abstract

Although the concept of student feedback literacy has drawn increasing attention in higher education, empirical research on this matter is still in its infancy. In the area of peer feedback, little research has investigated the role of teacher follow-up feedback on peer feedback in the development of student feedback literacy. To address the research gap, a multiple-case study of three Chinese master’s students enrolled in an academic writing course was conducted, drawing on the students’ drafts with peer feedback, teacher written feedback on that peer feedback, semi-structured interviews, retrospective verbal reports, observation field notes and class documents. Three students’ epistemological and practical knowledge about, attitudes towards, and self-efficacy beliefs in peer feedback were found to improve at different paces and to different degrees. However, considerable individual variations were observed with two high-achieving, highly motivated participants becoming more feedback-literate than their under-achieving, minimally motivated peer. Teacher feedback on peer feedback was found to have distinct impacts on individual students, depending on learner factors including language ability, beliefs and motivation. These findings suggest that teacher feedback on peer feedback, if consistently provided and compatible with learner factors, can scaffold both cognitive and social-affective aspects of student feedback literacy.     

Developing a framework for effective audio feedback: a case study

The increase in the use of technology-enhanced learning in higher education has included a growing interest in new approaches to enhance the quality of feedback given to students. Audio feedback is one method that has become more popular, yet evaluating its role in feedback delivery is still an emerging area for research. This paper is based on a small-scale study which examined the perceptions of first and final-year undergraduates who received feedback from tutors in audio form and considers the impact of this method of feedback delivery as a formative process. The paper examines the extent to which students respond to and engage with audio feedback, and how the method might facilitate a better understanding of the role of feedback amongst teachers and students alike. The two cohorts in the study express differences, but also commonalities in what they require from audio feedback. A conceptual framework is developed from the study’s findings, which highlights best practice and guides practitioners in their effective utilisation of this form of feedback.