成人先前学习认定的理论探究及其反思

成人先前学习认定是当前国际社会推进终身学习的一项普遍策略之一。它旨在通过对非正规学习和非正式学习的结果认定,来激发并实现个体学习的连续性和终身性,在保障学习权利、贯通各类学习、提升工作能力、改善社会包容等方面都具有重要意义。本研究以文献和理论研究的方法,集中分析并反思了成人先前学习认定的概念内涵、理论基础和意义所在,目的是为其在我国终身学习政策与实践中的采用提供认知基础。     

Recognising Prior Learning: Understanding the Relations Among Experience, Learning and Recognition from a Constructivist Perspective

This article discusses the relation between experience and learning in the context of recognition of prior learning (RPL) and from an experiential constructivist perspective. The study is based on a case of in-service training, based on RPL, in the care sector for elderly people. The data consist of interviews with actors in this process, which have been analysed with a qualitative interpretative approach. The results show how prior learning plays a central role in the training process, both on an individual and a collective level. The participants’ prior learning is taken as the starting point, particularly in learning conversations where prior learning is made visible and used, and where participants learn from each other. Further, new learning is taking place as a consequence of the recognition process, and the study particularly highlights how prior experiences could be the basis of new learning in a process of reflection and discussion.     

基于经验学习理论的我国开放大学先前学习认定实践的反思

随着高等教育的普及和终身学习理念的传播,英美等国开始对学习者的先前学习成果进行评价并为其提供相对应的教育课程和学分,逐步形成了各自的先前学习认定模式。我国开放大学也已经开始在小范围内开展先前学习认定的实践探索,但由于缺乏理论指导,存在着诸多问题和困难,急需对已开展的先前学习认定的实践进行梳理和反思。基于“经验学习理论”对开放大学先前学习认定实践中的核心问题进行回应和反思,是解决实践中存在的困惑和问题,推动我国开放大学先前学习认定实践进一步开展的重要依据,也为我国构建学习型社会提供实践参考。     

In search of phronesis: recognizing practical wisdom in the Recognition (Assessment) of Prior Learning

This article argues that greater understanding of the Aristotelian concept of phronesis or practical wisdom would make an important contribution to the conceptualization and implementation of Recognition (Assessment) of Prior Learning (RPL/APL) in formal education contexts. However, there is a need to identify phronesis empirically so that RPL assessors can identify it and RPL candidates can articulate it. Extracts from the qualitative data of two separate research projects are presented to show examples of phronesis. These extracts also show the difficulties associated with its articulation and identification. It is argued that even if phronesis cannot be accredited for RPL purposes, it should be taught and discussed in the curricula of adult education and RPL portfolio development courses to show the importance of this form of knowledge and reasoning and the different forms it might assume in formal education and life contexts.     

The influence of prior knowledge on experiment design guidance in a science inquiry context

Designing and conducting sound and informative experiments is an important aspect of inquiry learning. Students, however, often design experiments that do not allow them to reach conclusions. Considering the difficulties students experience with the process of designing experiments, additional guidance in the form of an Experiment Design Tool (EDT) was developed, together with reflection questions. In this study, 147 pre-university students worked in an online inquiry learning environment on buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle. Students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, each of which contained a different version of the EDT. Since students’ prior knowledge has been found to influence the amount and type of guidance they need, the versions of the tool differed with respect to the level of guidance provided. A pre- and post-test were administered to assess students’ conceptual knowledge. No overall differences between conditions were found. In a subsequent analysis, students were classified as either low, low-intermediate-, high-intermediate, or high prior knowledge students. For Archimedes’ principle we found that low-intermediate prior knowledge students gained significantly more conceptual knowledge than low prior knowledge students in the fully guided condition. It is hypothesised that students need at least some prior knowledge in order to fully benefit from the guidance offered.     

大一年度创新项目及其管理

大一年度创新项目是一种新的基于项目学习的模式,具有探索性、综合性、实践性、合作性、开放性的特点。要保证大一年度创新项目达到预期的目标,关键在于运用“项目管理”的知识体系,加强项目过程管理,包括项目启动过程、规划过程、执行过程、监控过程和收尾过程的管理。并将具有共性的项目管理实践经验进行总结,形成规范化的标准,不断提高项目学习的质量。     

Recognition of prior learning (RPL) policy in Australian higher education: the dynamics of position-taking

The Bourdieuian concept of ‘position-taking’ is applied in this analysis of recognition of prior learning (RPL) policy and practice in Australian higher education. Data from institutional documents and participant interviews indicate that, within RPL policy, the universities selectively employ prevailing discourses of ‘quality’ and ‘equity’ to reinforce or potentially improve their reputation and symbolic power in the field of higher education. There is no common consensus about either equity or quality across the sector, as each university interprets the two concepts for its own benefit. The evidence suggests that, despite rhetoric in government policy implying that both are equally important, quality is a far stronger discourse and policy imperative than equity in RPL policy and practice. Also, RPL policies and practices provide an insight into how the key policy priorities of equity and quality are addressed by universities, when applied to a specific educational process or practice.     

网络教学效果影响因素实证研究——基于社会认知理论及整合性技术接受模型

在分析网络教学特点、学生、学习风格的基础上,从认知角度出发,采用整合性技术接受模型、社会认知理论等,对国内网络教学效果的影响因素进行研究。通过问卷调研的方法,将学生按照学习风格进行分组,识别出不同学习风格类型的学生对于网络教学效果的显著影响因素,并进一步探讨了适合不同学习风格学生的网络教学策略,对网络教学服务提供者改善网络教学适应性和教学效果具有借鉴作用。     

美国凤凰城大学的学习支持及质量管理探究

本文简要介绍了美国凤凰城大学以成人在职学习者为中心的教/学模型、在线学习流程以及跟踪全程的学习支持服务,并详细介绍了凤凰城大学久负盛名的学习评估和质量保证系统,这些对中国的远程教育发展有一定的启示作用。     

Validity and Reliability of a Shortened,Revised Version of the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of an existing instrument, the Constructivist Learning Environment Survey (CLES)(Taylor, Dawson & Fraser, 1995; Taylor, Fraser & Fisher, 1993, 1997), for providing insights into the classroom learning environments of beginning science teachers. In the first year of the study, the CLES was used with 290 upper elementary, middle, and high school science teachers and preservice teachers. As part of a larger study of the classroom environments and teaching practices of beginning science teachers, data also were gathered through classroom observations of and interviews with some of the participating teachers. Exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency reliability analysis, as well as examination of each item and of participants' questions and comments about them, led to a shortened, revised version of the CLES, named the CLES 2(20). The five original scales were retained, but the number of items in each scale was reduced from six to four. The single negatively worded item was eliminated. Some of the original items were rephrased. The revised CLES was then used in the second, third and fourth years of the study. Examples of feedback based on CLES data is provided to researchers to assist them in writing teacher profiles.     

泛在学习环境下知识管理模型理论分析与建构

以泛在学习环境为视角,借鉴现有知识管理模型的要素和功能模块,并独创性地把两者有机结合起来,从理论层面分析并建构了泛在学习环境下知识管理模型,以期为泛在学习的普及和终身教育奠定基础。     

The impact of the pre-instructional cognitive profile on learning gain and final exam of physics courses: a case study

The case study described in this paper investigates the relationship among some pre-instructional knowledge, the learning gain and the final physics performance of computing engineering students in the introductory physics course. The results of the entrance engineering test (EET) have been used as a measurement of reading comprehension, logic and mathematics skills and basic physics knowledge of a sample of 47 Computing Engineering freshmen at the University of Palermo (Italy). These data give a significant picture of the initial knowledge status of a student choosing engineering studies. The students' physics learning gain has been calculated using a standardized tool in mechanics: the force concept inventory (FCI). The analysis shows that mathematical and physical background contribute to achieve a good final preparation in physics courses of engineering faculties; however the students' learning gain in physics is independent of students' initial level of mathematics skills and physics knowledge. Initial logic skills and reading comprehension abilities are not significant factors for the learning physics gain and the performance on physics courses.     

Turning the tide: creating Professional Learning Communities (PLC) to improve teaching practice and learning in South African public schools

Abstract

Poor learner performance in South African schools raises concerns related to lack of commitment and accountability from school leaders and teachers with no common vision to promote a culture of high learner performance. This paper provides a literature overview of research available on the impact of professional learning communities (PLC) on effective teaching and practices to promote higher levels of learning amongst students; the nature of PLCs; their essential characteristics, developmental stages and challenges; and an assessment of the benefits of PLC in schools and the challenges of PLC from other researchers’ observations. PLCs are necessary to encourage collaborative teamwork on essential outcomes and intervention activities in learning. Finally, I conclude by exploring how South African schools can benefit from the practices of professional learning communities which endeavour to improve teaching practices and poor learner achievement.     

The impact of using mobile-supported learning management systems in teaching web design on the academic success of students and their opinions on the course

This research aimed to examine the impact of using mobile-supported learning management systems (LMS) in teaching web design on the academic success of students and their opinion on the course; and it was conducted on 70 volunteer students (35 experimental, 35 control) enrolled at Giresun University, Technical Sciences Vocational School, Computer Technologies Department, Program of Computer Programming in Spring 2015–2016. After the eight weeks long implementation of Mobile Moodle, which is a mobile-supported LMS, as a supplement to traditional learning methods; t-test was used in order to determine whether the methodology mentioned had a significant impact on the academic success of web design teaching. As a result of the t-test implemented; it was seen that there was a significant level of difference in favor of the experimental group; between the academic success of students in the experimental group where mobile-supported LMS is used and the academic success of the students in the control group where traditional learning methodologies are used. Also, it has been determined that using Mobile LMS has increased the students’ interest.     

数字图书馆知识管理中的学习交流机制的构建

数字图书馆要实现有效的知识管理必须建立学习交流机制,文章从图书馆内部、外部等方面来论述学习交流机制构建的举措,包括营造知识共享型的图书馆文化、优化图书馆组织结构、提供个性化、无等级的知识培训、构建数字图书馆知识管理中学习交流机制的网络系统环境等措施,为数字图书馆成功实施知识管理提供参考。     

价值管理在高校建设项目投资控制中的应用

近年来高校基建快速发展,投资规模不断扩大,如何有效控制好建设项目投资,实现投资效果的最优化是高校管理者面临的重要课题。价值管理是采用发展创新的方式,运用多学科知识,通过对项目的功能分析,用最低的全寿命周期成本实现最大的价值,价值管理的应用具有广阔的空间。高校建设项目投资控制可以通过价值管理,在满足校舍教学、科研必需功能实现的前提下,尽可能降低造价,提高投资的效益和提升投资的价值。     

基于任务型教学的小学生单词学习调查

文章利用任务型教学的相关理论在南京某小学四年级学生当中设计和实施了任务型教学,运用问卷调查和访谈发现任务型教学在一定程度上能有效提高小学生英语学习兴趣及单词学习效果。