Relations of Preschoolers' Social Acceptance to Peer Ratings and Self-Perceptions

To examine the relations of preschoolers' social acceptance to peer ratings and self-perceptions, 53 preschoolers were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked their peers and to justify these ratings. Preschoolers also rated their peers' aggressive, prosocial, and sociable behavior. Finally, they completed a pictorial self-perception scale that assessed their views of their physical competence and their relationships with mother and with peers. Children who were better liked by peers were rated as more prosocial, more sociable, and less aggressive than less liked children. Preschoolers often reported liking certain peers because they perceived that those peers liked them; they often reported disliking certain peers because they perceived those peers as aggressive. In contrast to findings with older children, preschoolers' social acceptance was not significantly related to any aspect of their self-perceptions. The results provide evidence for the validity of peer ratings by preschool-age children and bring up issues related to the development and assessment of self-perceptions among preschoolers.     

Relations of Preschoolers' Social Acceptance to Peer Ratings and Self-Perceptions

To examine the relations of preschoolers' social acceptance to peer ratings and self-perceptions, 53 preschoolers were asked to rate how much they liked or disliked their peers and to justify these ratings. Preschoolers also rated their peers' aggressive, prosocial, and sociable behavior. Finally, they completed a pictorial self-perception scale that assessed their views of their physical competence and their relationships with mother and with peers. Children who were better liked by peers were rated as more prosocial, more sociable, and less aggressive than less liked children. Preschoolers often reported liking certain peers because they perceived that those peers liked them; they often reported disliking certain peers because they perceived those peers as aggressive. In contrast to findings with older children, preschoolers' social acceptance was not significantly related to any aspect of their self-perceptions. The results provide evidence for the validity of peer ratings by preschool-age children and bring up issues related to the development and assessment of self-perceptions among preschoolers.     

Preschoolers' Attributions of Mental States in Pretense

When young children appear to recognize that someone else is engaging in make-believe play, do they infer what the pretender is thinking? Are they aware that the pretender is thinking about a pretend scenario yet knows what the real situation is? Preschoolers ages 3–5 ( N = 45) viewed scenes from the Barney & Friends television series depicting either make-believe or realistic actions. Children were questioned concerning the presence of pretense and the thoughts and beliefs of the TV characters. The children where also presented with false belief and appearance/reality theory of mind tasks. Children who identified when TV characters were engaging in pretend play did not necessarily infer the pretenders thoughts and beliefs. Inferring pretenders' thoughts was related to performance on false belief and appearance/reality tasks, but simply recognizing pretense was not. These data support the view that children initially learn to recognize pretense from contextual cues and are able to infer pretenders' beliefs only with further development of metarepresentational ability.     

Perceptions of Preservice Early Educators: How Adults Support Preschoolers' Social Development

Studies show that for preschool-age children, social skills can have a profound effect on, and be a predictor of, future societal success and school achievement. Therefore, it is essential that young children develop appropriate social behaviors. To do this, preschoolers need support and guidance from the adults in their life: parents, family, and early educators. This study looks at the perceptions of preservice early educators in regards to their understanding of preschoolers' social and antisocial behaviors, their assumptions about what appropriate adult interventions might be, and their beliefs about the role they, as early educators, play in supporting young children's social development.     

家庭环境、同伴关系对幼儿心理理论的影响

本研究选取哈尔滨3所幼儿园共242名3～5岁学前儿童,采用四种心理理论任务、家庭环境量表、同伴提名法进行测量,研究结果表明:幼儿心理理论发展的关键期为4岁,二级认知能力在5岁以后有很好的发展;受欢迎儿童的心理理论能力较高,而被拒绝儿童的心理理论能力较低;家庭亲密度、矛盾性、娱乐性和社会偏好可以有效的预测儿童心理理论能力。     

论南朝乐府所反映的社会心态

文章分析了南朝乐府所反映的社会心态 :既满怀伤感 ,又追逐声色艳情 ;既欣赏女性美 ,又不乏对女性的猥亵玩赏。并进一步指出了这种现象产生的原因 ,及其对后世文学的影响     

具身社会认知:社会认知研究的新动向

具身认知是当前哲学认识论的实证转向以及第二代认知观兴起的背景下认知研究中最重要和最具代表性的研究方向之一。具身认知强调的是人的身体、动作与情境在整个认知过程中的关联性,具身社会认知是当下具身理论与社会认知研究相结合的产物。虽然具身社会认知研究的起步较晚,但却有着深刻的哲学与心理学思想渊源,存在主义、现象学、机能主义心理学等都是其理论基础。具身社会认知已经在实证领域内取得了较为丰富的研究成果,极大地拓展了具身社会领域的理论与实证依据,但想要获取更大的发展,还必须解决当前存在的诸如理论体系混乱、研究方法不足以及科学性欠缺等问题。     

声乐教学中良好歌唱心理的培养

在声乐学习中,演唱者往往特别注重歌唱技能的训练,而忽视对歌唱心理的作用.实际上,良好的歌唱心理在很大程度上决定了歌唱者是否能够以一种最佳的精神状态来展示自己的艺术才能.在声乐教学中培育良好的歌唱心理,要从教学环境、认识能力、调控制能力、培育途径、坚定意志等多方面入手.     

Talk and the Development of Social Understanding

Our theme is that parent-child talk about the mental world plays a central role in the development of children's social understanding. This view is supported by Wittgenstein's argument that public criteria are necessary for learning the meaning of mental state terms. We propose that children, mainly in talk, learn the patterns of interaction that are criterial for the use of mental state terms. Two examples of empirical research illustrate this proposal. The first, a qualitative analysis of how criteria for psychological terms are displayed in mother-child talk, revealed that criteria were variously displayed and were presented in temporal, cause and effect sequences. The second, a quantitative analysis of key elements for understanding false beliefs present in mother-child talk, compared dyads in which children Failed (N = 14) or Passed (N = 10) false belief tests. In both Fail and Pass dyads, mothers elicited the vast majority of elements but produced about the same number as children. Only Pass children produced elements without mothers eliciting them. There were no instances of child-elicited/mother-produced elements. Overall, Fail children were less competent at recognizing and commenting on important aspects of a situation of false belief. We conclude that the development of talk and social understanding are inextricably intertwined.     

Talk and the Development of Social Understanding

Our theme is that parent-child talk about the mental world plays a central role in the development of children's social understanding. This view is supported by Wittgenstein's argument that public criteria are necessary for learning the meaning of mental state terms. We propose that children, mainly in talk, learn the patterns of interaction that are criterial for the use of mental state terms. Two examples of empirical research illustrate this proposal. The first, a qualitative analysis of how criteria for psychological terms are displayed in mother-child talk, revealed that criteria were variously displayed and were presented in temporal, cause and effect sequences. The second, a quantitative analysis of key elements for understanding false beliefs present in mother-child talk, compared dyads in which children Failed (N = 14) or Passed (N = 10) false belief tests. In both Fail and Pass dyads, mothers elicited the vast majority of elements but produced about the same number as children. Only Pass children produced elements without mothers eliciting them. There were no instances of child-elicited/mother-produced elements. Overall, Fail children were less competent at recognizing and commenting on important aspects of a situation of false belief. We conclude that the development of talk and social understanding are inextricably intertwined.     

浅谈服装行为和社会心理之间的关系

服装是人的心理表现和人际心理交往的语言符号，它反映了广泛的包括人的心理在内的背景因素，是研究人类心理的途径和突破口。群体心理与服装行为、服装行为与人际心理之间的关系是服装行为与社会心理之间关系的具体反映。     

The Social Cognition of Gifted Adolescents

This paper reviews major research findings on social cognition in gifted adolescents. We discuss interpersonal and intrapersonal perceptions of giftedness (i.e., how gifted students view themselves, and how they perceive others’ views of them), the social coping strategies of this population (e.g., denying and hiding one's giftedness, conforming to mask giftedness, and helping others), and the gender, age, and self-concept differences shown in strategy choice when interacting with others. Results suggest that both American and Chinese gifted students employ social coping strategies to manage the visibility of their abilities in social situations, and there is a consistent link between coping strategy and self-concepts; but the findings with regard to social cognitive strategies, themselves, are conflicting. Implications of these findings and recommendations are presented.     

浅谈歌唱的心理状态

歌唱是一个十分复杂而又自然的心理调控肌肉的运动过程,因此获得良好心理状态对歌唱的质量起着至关重要的作用。     

同伴指导在轻度智力落后儿童自我概念发展中的意义初探

自我概念对于智力落后儿童的人格完善和社会发展至关重要,这在客观上要求学校教育必须将儿童自我概念的发展作为重要的教育目标。而在我国,由于客观条件的限制,普通学校对随班就读学生的支持是不够完善的。本文从社会学互动理论出发,认为普通学校中同伴指导是一种能够促进智力落后儿童形成积极自我概念的简便易行的方法,并对其意义进行了初步探讨。     

Social IEP Objectives, Teacher Talk, and Peer Interaction in Inclusive and Segregated Preschool Settings

The purpose of this study was to examine: (a) the role of teacher talk in promoting peer interaction, (b) the adequacy of social IEP objectives to reflect children’s social functioning and guide provision of teacher talk, and (c) differences in children’s peer interaction and teacher talk in inclusive and segregated settings. Thirty children with disabilities and their teachers participated. Overall, we observed low rates of teacher talk thought to support peer interaction; however, when teachers verbally facilitated peer interaction, children were observed interacting more frequently with peers. Children’s social IEPs accurately reflected their current level of social functioning. However, the social IEPs appeared to fail to influence teacher intervention. Finally, children with disabilities in inclusive settings interacted with peers more than children in segregated settings, even though there was no significant difference in amount of teacher talk in the two settings.     

元认知策略在英语阅读中的运用

如何提高阅读理解能力是大学英语教学中的一个重点和难点。本文通过阐述元认知策略对英语阅读的影响,重点剖析了元认知策略的建构及其在英语阅读中的运用,认为教师在阅读教学过程中,应自觉培养学生使用元认知策略提高阅读理解能力。     

艰难心路:北朝文化冲突与融合的深层观照与解读

北朝汉族士人和拓跋鲜卑的艰难心路,是北朝文化冲突与融合过程的心理投射。文化认同的过程,也是对文化的重新选择与扬弃的过程,北朝文化认同的阻力是明显存在的。种种矛盾、冲突,实质上都是文化冲突与认同之难的表露。在文化冲突与整合之下,拓跋鲜卑与汉人都经历了心灵困境,通过艰辛努力,双方的民族隔阂和异族感逐渐消尽,文化认同方趋于完成。心路历程艰辛曲折,认同成果来之不易。     

从姓名看社会文化心理

姓名是人的代号，姓前名后是汉民族几千年历史所形成的特征。从某种程度上讲，姓名与汉民族的社会文化心理有密切的联系。这里仅从文化语言学的角度，运用文化镜象法来探讨姓名所反映的社会文化心理，说明汉民族姓名的内在规律和特征。     

Peer Victimization and Social Alienation: Predicting Deviant Peer Affiliation in Middle School

Two prospective studies examined a theoretical model wherein exposure to victimization, resulting from early behavioral risk, heightens children's social alienation and subsequent deviant peer affiliation (DPA). Across Study 1 (298 girls, 287 boys; K–7th grade; 5–12 years) and Study 2 (338 girls, 298 boys; 2nd–6th grade; 8–12 years), children, parents, peers, and teachers reported on children's externalizing behavior and internalizing symptoms, peer victimization, social alienation, and DPA. Path analyses supported the proposed pathway: Peer victimization predicted social alienation, which then predicted DPA. Early externalizing behavior set this path in motion and made an independent contribution to DPA. This research identifies an important pathway through which externalizing behavior and consequent peer victimization launch children onto a risky social trajectory.