Toward an understanding of archives as a feature of collective memory

This paper reviews important aspects of the literature on collective memory, how some of these concerns have been expressed in archives, and contemplates how these issues relate to the politically transformative South African post-apartheid context. It highlights the erosion of boundaries between archives, museums, and other less-institutionalized memory projects in post-apartheid South Africa. It notes ways in which archival activity is taking place outside of traditional archives, as part of a changing and evolving memory landscape. It acknowledges the significant gaps in the written record that are a result of apartheid practices and cites different approaches that were overlooked by apartheid??s official archival systems. This paper offers a way of contemplating the ??social constructedness?? of collective memory and the social and political dimensions of archives.     

Archives in the trenches: repatriation of African National Congress liberation archives in diaspora to South Africa

The African National Congress (ANC) liberation archives were created in countries all over the world. These liberation archives form part of the national archival heritage of South Africa as they bridge the gap of undocumented history of people who were previously marginalised by the apartheid government. After the ban on liberation movements was lifted in South Africa, the ANC embarked on the process of identification and repatriation of the records that were fragmented throughout the world. This study investigated the approaches followed by the ANC in identifying and repatriating its liberation archives from the trenches to make them accessible. Qualitative data were collected through interviews with purposively selected employees of the African National Congress, MultiChoice, Africa Media Online and the Nelson Mandela Foundation who were involved in the repatriation of the liberation archives. Interview data were augmented through content analysis of ANC documents such as policies, websites and annual reports, as well as observation of the storage conditions of the liberation archives. The key findings revealed that the ANC established an archives management committee that played an important role in the identification, repatriation and, ultimately, digitisation of liberation archives. The committee utilised former liberation struggle members to identify records in ANC hosts in various countries. It was established that, although the ANC was aware of where its records were abroad, not all its records were repatriated to South Africa after the unbanning of the liberation movements. For example, there were host nations, like Italy, that disputed the return of the ANC liberation archives to South Africa. The liberation archives are in the custody of the Fort Hare University as a chosen official repository for the ANC. It is concluded that the repatriation of the liberation archives is an ongoing process, as not all records have been repatriated to South Africa. As the ANC is in power at the time of writing, this is the opportunity for the organisation to negotiate with countries that still have custody of its liberation archives, such as Italy, to repatriate such records to South Africa. A further study on legal ownership and copyright, digitisation and ensuring the authenticity of the ANC liberation archives is recommended. This study can be extended to other liberation movements in southern Africa.     

基于清博指数的档案馆微信公众号建设优化研究

本文探究档案馆和图书馆在微信公众号建设上的差距,总结图书馆微信公众号的运营经验,为档案馆微信公众号建设发展提供参考。分别选择5个具有代表性的微信公众号,结合清博指数分析样本传播效益及建设实况;通过翔实的数据对比分析档案馆与图书馆微信公众号建设现状,以揭示问题所在。基于图书馆的经验,档案馆可从用户服务、运营管理、内容建设三个方面优化微信公众号运营,以提升其微信公众号传播力和影响力。     

社交媒体对社会记忆建构传承的影响与思考

充分阐述社交媒体对社会记忆的建构传承有助于形成基于互联网的社会记忆发展新态势,社交媒体档案记忆的多元化、智能化,亦可推进发展社交媒体建构传承社会记忆的理论与方法。从社交媒体孕育社会记忆建构传承的新环境以及积极影响、消极影响这三个方面逐层诠释社交媒体的社会记忆建构传承,并对如何发挥社交媒体建构传承社会记忆的积极作用,克服避免其消极作用在媒体平台、档案部门、互联网用户等方面提出了应对之策。社交媒体具有记忆价值、人文情感等特质为社会记忆建构传承提供了广泛的发展空间;推动媒体融合发展、树立数据思维、促进记忆“智造”、建立过滤机制等策略为社会记忆的建构传承提供了普世的应用性。     

Archival representations of immigration and ethnicity in North American history: from the ethnicization of archives to the archivization of ethnicity

This article traces the representations of ethnicity and immigration in mainstream American and Canadian archives since the 1950s. It identifies three main periods of evolution of these ethnic archives: the era prior to the civil rights movement, the 1960–1980s and the 1990s and beyond. Relying on an understanding of archival collections as social constructions anchored in specific historical contexts, the article considers the various political, economic, social and technological factors that affected ethnic archives over time, especially as they relate to changing scholarly and popular conceptions of ethnicity in North America. It pays particular attention to the impact of historical scholarship in fields related to immigration and ethnicity and of postmodernist archival theories that challenge the traditional view of archives as evidence of the past. It suggests that the relationship between ethnic archives and their historical context is dialectical: not only are they affected by the context in which they are developed and managed, but they also have an impact on that context as they favor certain conceptions of ethnicity and types of ethnic groups at the expense of others. Both curators and users of archival materials should therefore pay closer attention to the history of the processes that went into the construction of these archives to avoid falling victims to the illusion of ethnic authenticity.     

档案对建构社会记忆的作用与影响研究

社会记忆作为人们对共同记忆的认知和重构,在人类文明传承的过程中发挥了重要的作用,而档案作为社会记忆的重要载体,在构建社会记忆的实践工作中扮演着十分关键的角色。本文主要围绕档案与社会记忆两者展开研究,首先从两者的基本概念以及两者相结合产生的档案记忆理论入手,并在此基础上对档案与社会记忆之间呈现的关系以及建构功能进行阐述,探究档案对于构建社会记忆的理论创新和实践引导意义,进而提出社会记忆的构建需要理论与实践统筹共同发展。通过从社会记忆建设的实际需求出发探讨档案的功能与价值,可以促进档案与社会记忆构建在丰富的实践经验和成熟的理论中更好地发挥其文化价值,并有利于社会事业的发展以及文化内涵的提高。     

美国国家档案馆档案文化活动的特色分析及启示

美国国家档案馆将美国文化、爱国教育、历史知识、人文情怀融入主题丰富、形式多样的档案文化活动中。这些文化活动极具怀旧与创意元素,借助社交媒体的宣传与推广而呈现出主题-时间-形式高度契合的特点。我国各级综合档案馆可以借鉴美国国家档案馆在创意融入文化活动设计、社交媒体参与文化活动推广、打造国家档案文化品牌方面的成熟经验,以此丰富档案文化活动的内容,提高档案文化活动的品质,引发社会公众共鸣。     

中国古代官方藏书事业的理论探索

文章将藏书活动放置在特定历史时代中,从知识社会学、政治学、历史学三个学科理论入手,探索中国古代官方藏书事业的理论基础,通过知识的社会性、君臣制衡的政治性以及社会思想的一贯性,对其进行学理性分析。     

综合档案馆参与国家智库建设的SWOT分析与策略选择

当前国家高度重视新型智库建设为综合档案馆积极参与其中提供了良好机遇。文章运用SWOT方法深入分析综合档案馆参与国家智库建设的内部优势、劣势以及面临的外部机会和威胁,并对其发展策略等进行分析和选择,以期为综合档案馆拓展服务功能和社会职能,不断提升其公共服务能力和水平提供参考和借鉴。     

Editing Conservatism: How National Review Magazine Framed and Mobilized a Political Movement

This article examines how National Review magazine helped to spark the 1960s American conservative movement through its particular framing of conservatism and how the magazine has worked to sustain that influence even until today. Using research on frame alignment in social movements, the first issue of National Review is analyzed and placed in context with contemporaneous events and publications. The creation and editing of the magazine is found to parallel the creative and deliberate framing of the early conservative movement. The implications of National Review's success for today's political movements and for creators of political media messages are also discussed.     

Re-imaging and re-imagining the past after ‘memoricide’: intimate archives as inscribed memories of the missing

This paper discusses a number of stories about loss, grief and genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the attempts by the survivors to construct intimate archives about their shattered lives. In addition to the loss of human lives, the deliberate destruction of documents, photographs, books and official records has been deeply felt by the genocide survivors and other victims of ‘memoricide’ in Bosnia as a very personal loss, an aggravated trauma and a metaphor for annihilation of their personal, family and communal existence. Subsequently, for them, the recreation of personal records and communal archives ultimately becomes an attempt to reclaim their own past and, in the process, to reaffirm their identities and recreate and sustain a sense of continuity in a post-genocide context. Using a series of ethnographic vignettes from Bosnia and the Bosnian refugee diaspora, the paper highlights the importance of the survivors’ emotional (and embodied) attachment to various forms of records and archival material. It also demonstrates the potential for research in memory and archival studies to actively engage in the creation of historical narratives about violations of human rights, thus contributing to truth-finding, social healing and reconciliation processes in post-conflict and post-genocide communities.     

档案微信公众号用户信息需求及其影响因素的扎根研究

通过分析用户对档案微信公众号的信息需求,探索用户信息需求背后的影响因素,使档案微信公众号更好地服务于用户。笔者结合国内外学者已有的研究成果,运用扎根理论和半结构化访谈法,采访了25名用户,借助Nvivo11软件完成三级编码工作,归纳分析出子范畴和主范畴,并构建了用户信息需求及其影响因素的理论模型。根据分析结果显示,用户的信息需求呈现出个性化、专业化、多样性和新颖性的特征,并且归纳出用户信息素养、职业背景、兴趣爱好、档案情怀、个人追求、公众号质量以及宣传效果七大影响用户信息需求的因素,基于以上影响因素,向公众号的开发人员提出了四条具体的建议,希望为档案微信公众号的建设与发展提供参考。     

The archival sliver: Power, memory, and archives in South Africa

Far from being a simple reflection of reality, archives are constructed windows into personal and collective processes. They at once express and are instruments of prevailing relations of power. Verne Harris makes these arguments through an account of archives and archivists in the context of South Africa's transition from apartheid to democracy. The account is deliberately shaped around three themes — race, power, and public records. While he concedes that the constructedness of memory and the dimension of power are most obvious in the extreme circumstances of oppression and rapid transition to democracy, he argues that these are realities informing archives in all circumstances. He makes an appeal to archivists to enchant their work by engaging these realities and by turning always towards the call of and for justice. This essay draws heavily on four articles published previously by me: “Towards a Culture of Transparency: Public Rights of Access to Official Records in South Africa”,American Archivist 57.4 (1994); “Redefining Archives in South Africa: Public Archives and Society in Transition, 1990–1996”,Archivaria 42 (1996); “Transforming Discourse and Legislation: A Perspective on South Africa's New National Archives Act”,ACARM Newsletter 18 (1996); and “Claiming Less, Delivering More: A Critique of Positivist Formulations on Archives in South Africa”,Archivaria 44 (1997). I am grateful to Ethel Kriger (National Archives of South Africa) and Tim Nuttall (University of Natal) for offering sometimes tough comment on an early draft of the essay. I remain, of course, fully responsible for the final text. I presented a version of it in the “Refiguring the Archive” seminar series, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, October 1998. That version was published in revised form in Carolyn Hamilton et al.,Refiguring the Archive (Cape Town: David Philip, 2002).     

思创融合，协同育人——吉林大学图情档学科课程思政建设模式与实践探索

[目的/意义]落实国家对新时代高校部署的“立德树人”重要任务,探索图情档学科课程思政建设模式,不仅有助于推进高校思想政治工作进程,也有利于人才培养质量的提升。[方法/过程]梳理课程思政内涵,调研我国图书情报与档案管理学科课程思政建设现状,结合吉林大学图情档学科的特点,构建“思创融合,协同育人”课程思政建设模式,并以档案学为例,介绍该模式指导下的课程思政教学实践经验及成果。[结果/结论]“思创融合,协同育人”课程思政建设模式具有一定的实践指导价值。图情档学科课程思政建设虽已取得一定进展,但仍亟需对其理论及实践进行深入研究。     

Intertextuality and nationalism discourse: a critical discourse analysis of microblog posts in China

As an important dimension of contentious politics, online political discourse reveals crucial issues related to ideology, power, and identity in times of political struggle. Drawing on Norman Fairclough’s intertextual analysis approach within the paradigm of Critical Discourse Analysis in an online discursive context, this study examines the role of intertextuality in the discursive construction of social movements. It does so by analyzing how different social actors employ discursive tools to construct the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement in their online commentaries. Focusing on discourse, genre, and style, this study demonstrates how online texts draw from different intertextual resources and how they echo the broader nationalist discourse in China. In addition, this paper also uncovers how the circulation and combination of these intertextual resources in an authoritarian context form specific constructions of the Umbrella Movement.     

文旅融合时代档案馆研学旅行服务探析

文旅融合时代,研学旅行成为综合实践育人的新内容和新方式,被纳入中小学生日常教育范畴,受到各界广泛关注.通过对国内研学旅行发展进行梳理,分析档案馆研学旅行服务现状及可提升空间.在文旅融合背景下寻求档案馆公共服务与社会教育、文化传播的契合点,阐释档案馆开展研学服务的功能定位、职能履行、社会宣传等价值,从服务内容、服务产品、...     

Radio as an Instrument of Protest: The History of Bush Radio

This article provides a historical account of Bush Radio, the oldest community radio station in Africa, based in Cape Town, South Africa. The creation of Bush Radio's precursor, the Cassette Education Trust (CASET) was a pivotal moment for the emergence of community radio on the continent. This people's history of Bush Radio tells the full story through the voices of the founders and staff, together with other sources of historical data. The article argues that although the apartheid state constructed essentialist racial and ethnic categories, CASET and later Bush Radio constantly positioned themselves in a space of liminality to interrogate and redefine these categories. Privileging an instrumentalist approach, this article shows the connections between ideology, politics, and economics as they converge to form the industrial structure, the political environment, and the cultural product of broadcasting.     

Content and use of colonial archives: an under-researched issue

Namibians often find themselves in situations of litigation where they need person-related records to defend their rights and privileges. Such person-related records include birth, adoption, marriage, or divorce or deceased estates. It has been observed that the institution where such records should be expected, the National Archives of Namibia often cannot retrieve person-related records of persons previously classified as non-whites under colonial and apartheid laws. Many native Namibians end up losing property or have problems claiming their constitutional rights due to lack of evidence. The purpose of this paper was to explore whether the existing archival literature can guide National Archives of new and emerging African nations on how to handle challenges brought about by gaps in inherited colonial archives. Using a literature survey to explore the state of what is written on the content and usage of colonial archives in post-colonial era, this article argues that the content and use of colonial archives in Africa do not feature prominently in the literature of archival science. Although there has been a rising interest on the subject during the last decade, none of this emerging literature has systematically studied archives in depth with a view on what these archives contain for the non-academic user, what they neglect and what they lack altogether in serving the needs of all citizens in post-colonial states. It recommends that archival scholars as well as archival institutions increase research into this neglected area. Raising awareness may produce academic discourse to help archivists in newly decolonised countries to competently support users whose inquiries currently cannot be answered by the inherited colonial archives collections.     

Indigenous peoples’ human rights and the Victorian Charter: a framework for reorienting recordkeeping and archival practice

This article considers the legal framework for archival and recordkeeping institutions, archivists and recordkeeping professionals in one Australian state under the Victorian Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic) and the relationship with protection of Indigenous culture. It examines the underlying themes of the Victorian Charter and considers the Charter rights to culture, privacy and family as relevant specifically to Indigenous Victorians, and to those institutions keeping records and archives relating to Indigenous Victorians. Finally, it explains the way the human rights protected by the Charter are enforced, and the role of public institutions as duty bearers under the Charter.     

美国社群数字档案馆建设的特色与启示

美国社群档案建设比较具有前瞻性,关注那些一直以来为主流档案机构所忽视或边缘化的群体.本文分析了美国社群数字档案馆建设的历史、政治及技术背景,介绍了美国比较典型的社群数字档案馆的建设情况和主要特点.最后,提出美国社群数字档案馆建设对我国社群档案馆建设的启示:一是理念借鉴,以档案促进社群融合和团结;二是立足本土,建设有中国...