《九歌》、《九辩》校证(二十九则)

今本《楚辞·九歌》《九辩》的部分内容有倒脱衍讹等错误现象。通过利用《楚辞》文本及王注《楚辞》之用语规律,并充分参考和吸收前儒时贤于《楚辞》或于其它典籍尤其是小学类典籍的研究成果以之校勘,将有益于《楚辞·九歌》《九辩》文本的进一步校理以及相关学术史的梳理。     

夏《九歌》之性质新探

褚斌杰先生说：“考察一下屈原以前那些所谓《九歌》的内容和性质，弄清它们之间的来龙去脉，无疑会有助于我们对现在屈原作品的理解、定性和评价。”这是很正确的。这也正是我们考察夏朝《九歌》的意义所在。李嘉言说：“可知《大荒西经》‘启上三嫔于天’，《天问》：‘启棘宾商，《九辩》《九歌》’与男女荒淫之事有关。启因荒淫得《九歌》于天上，复藉《九歌》荒淫于地下，则启之《九歌》，必系淫靡之乐，可以断言。”此外，如闻一多、郭沫若、游国恩、姜亮夫、陈子展、汤炳正、马茂元、褚斌杰、金开诚等现、当代楚辞研究大家都秉持着这样的观点。     

论《九辩》当为屈原所作

本文通过对一些历史资料,特别是对屈宋作品及汉代拟骚之作的全面深入的对比、分析,指出《九辩》既不是宋玉闵师或悼屈之作,更不是宋玉自抒愤懑之作,而当是屈原自述和抒愤之作。     

论柳永对宋玉《九辩》的继承

宋玉的《九辩》开创了中国文学悲秋的主题,其影响源远流长。通读柳永的《乐章集》,不难发现集中频频以宋玉自况。在其创作中不只直接引用或间接化用宋玉作品的句子,同时也在创作中屡屡涉及宋玉的轶事,其羁旅行役词尤其继承了宋玉悲秋的主题。柳永的文学创作主要从创作精神、思想内涵和艺术手法等几方面,提现出对宋玉《九辩》的借鉴和继承。     

《九歌》篇目诸说辩析

《九歌》篇目之争由来已久。由于对“九”的理解不同，有去篇说、合篇说，有迎神送神曲说，有即为现存篇数说。众家各执一辞，各持一偏，或有悖事情，或失之公允，或妄意揣度，故虽有可取，但终难变通。章意在对以上所提诸说剔经拨髓、说加蠡定，以求得近切当公允。     

论周勋初先生的《九歌》研究

周勋初先生的《九歌新考》,是20世纪前80多年《九歌》研究的扛鼎之作。此书以总结评述历代《九歌》学说发端,运用宗教学、神话学、民俗学、文艺学诸方面的原理和资料,对《九歌》诸神祗的来源、性质作了新的考索,阐述了自己关于《九歌》乃屈原创作的新说,敢破敢立,不落窠臼,勇于开拓新路,创获颇多。尤其是关于东君、云中君、东皇太一诸神祗皆非楚产和楚有二女神传统的考证,见解异常新颖,发千古所未发,给学人以巨大启迪。其扎实严谨且自成体系的论述,足可成为《九歌》研究的一家之言而推进屈学、楚辞学的发展。当然书中也有某些不尽完善之处,然此微瑕无伤大美,此书仍不失为当代《九歌》研究的重要收获和力作。     

关于《九歌》主题的解读

《九歌》是屈原在故楚祭祀神歌的基础上整理加工而成的,是原始初民祭祀心态的文学呈现。正因为这种取材的特殊性,加之表现手法的多样化,给后来的解读工作带来许多不确定性。前贤时彦多从不同角度给以诠释,有的过于坐实,有的过于空疏。本文从祭祀和抒情诗的角度出发,企图探求《九歌》的真正主旨。     

张渥《九歌图》中的文图关系

张渥的《九歌图》作为表现屈原《九歌》的最重要的图文本,给人一种直观的冲击,它以白描勾勒的手法,塑造出不同的人物形象,展现自己的爱国情感,也可以使人更加深入地理解屈原《九歌》表达的思想感情。     

屈原《九歌》悲剧意蕴探析

屈原《九歌》以祭神的形式，创造了一种独特的抒情方式。诗中诸神的形象和性格，浸润着诗人的思想和情感。蕴含着诗人在困境中对生命人生社会的思考和体验。诗歌祭神，实质是祭奠诗人的人格理想以及苦闷的灵魂，是诗人寻求超脱，自我拯救的一种方式。     

《九歌》的体式与原始“倚声填词”臆测

文章将《九歌》与《九章》的体式进行对比，发现二者篇幅一短一长，体式一复杂多变一简单，其中“二湘”与“二司命”在篇幅、句式及押韵换韵等方面都相同或相似。因此，推测《九歌》既是据楚民间“九歌”的改创之词，又是倚“九歌”曲调而填写的歌词，即屈原《九歌》是据“九歌”的九支曲调填写的十一首诗歌；进而论证“倚声填词”之法并非起于唐宋或六朝，而是古已有之。     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.     

团图为数的图中的闭团贯数

Given a graph G,a subgraph C is called a clique of G if C is a complete subgraph of G maximal under inclusion and |C|≥2. A clique-transversal set S of G is a set of vertices of G such that S meets all cliques of G. The clique-transversal number, denoted as TC (G), is the minimum cardinality of a clique-transversal set in G. The clique-graph of G, denoted as K (G), is the graph obtained by taking the cliques of G as vertices, and two vertices are adjacent if and only if the corresponding cliques in G have nonempty intersection. Let F be a class of graphs G such that F={G|K(G) is a tree}. In this paper the graphs in F having independent clique-transversal sets are shown and thus TC (G)/|G|≤1/2 for all G ∈ F.     

Social and Cultural Influence on Word Meaning

Different nations have different social cultures, and the social culture of every nation is developing with the development of the nation, language is greatly influenced by social culture, which enables language to possess national and historical characteristics. Word is the smallest, independent, meaningful linguistic unit of language. It can well reflect the national and historical characteristics. From synchronic aspect, the social and cultural influence on word meaning is mainly embodied in conceptual and associative meanings of word. The incorrespondence of word meaning is a phenomenon that exists in both conceptual and associative meanings of word among different languages. From diachronic aspect, the development of social culture causes some changes of word meaning to some extent. Therefore, social culture plays a key role in vocabulary learning and mastery of a language.     

Where the Action Is: How Drama Contributes to the Art of the Teaching and Learning of English

This paper looks at the way drama works to bring a model of an arts curriculum into reality. He also shows how drama is valuable when discussed as a separate, autonomous subject in the school curriculum as opposed to one subsumed within English. He argues for a view of the arts and gives an example of a sequence of work in an English GCSE class based around Arthur Miller's play View from the Bridge. From this he draws out several strands about the relationship of the drama curriculum to the individual students and teachers, the school, and to culture. He also emphasises the primacy of performance in drama education.     

古老的串珠

Beads tell civilization's story. The earliest, made from shells as early as 100,000 years ago, are evidence-like cave paintings-of abstract thought. During the Bronze Age, cities saw trade of stone beads, prized for the technology that produced them and for their raw materials, such as carnelian.     

Ecriture,Recherche et Pédagogie

Résumé Cet essai évoque les contextes pédagogiques de l'écriture au-delà des formes d'écriture convenues en recherche, et questionne les usages scolaires de l'écriture. J'y suggère d'autres usages inspirés d'une approche qui inverse les rapports usuels entre communication et représentation, entre kinésis et mimésis. Cette approche vise une démystification du pouvoir de l'écriture à représenter le réel, à dominer la communication, et une promotion d'une écriture expressive et métaphorique, favorisant l'appropriation de cette technologie virtuellement libérante.Université Laval     

教你正确用(二十二)

Mother's Day--母亲节 Mother's Day falls on the second Sunday in May every year. This is the occasion we show appreciation to our mothers and to people who have worked so hard to take care of us. Today, I'm sharing thoughts from a friend about mother, love,and the study of English. When we were young students, a teacher touched our heart,and we all miss her very much on this special day in May.