再论新中国成立后私营报业消亡的原因——以解放初期《文汇报》的经历为例

私营报业为何在1949年后的中国大陆走向消亡?对于这一问题的回答,有人归因于新政权的没收和禁止,有人从私营报业自身寻找原因,认为自动停刊是其主要形式之一。本文以解放初期(1949-1955)《文汇报》的经历为例,试图说明其自动停刊中也有不得已的成分。     

The British National Press and the 2012 Royal Family Photo Scandals

Determining whether or not to publish controversial photographs is a challenge for any editor, particularly when questions arise regarding invasion of privacy. Further complications occur when these images involve members of the British Royal Family, given the longstanding tension between the British press and the Royal Family. Within weeks of the 15th anniversary of Princess Diana's death, British newspaper editors faced two separate ethical dilemmas of whether or not to publish nude photos of Prince Harry and of Prince William's wife, Kate Middleton. This study uses qualitative textual analysis of 111 editorials and opinion columns in Britain's national newspapers to determine why the British press made these decisions. We found that editors and commentators offered conflicted explanations over whether Harry and Kate had an expectation of privacy in their respective contexts and whether or not the images were in the public interest. Prior good or bad behavior, the legacy of Princess Diana and her treatment by the press, the situational factors involved in each case, and their respective marital statuses were all used as reasons behind whether or not privacy won over the appeal to the public interest. We argue the restraint used by the British press in publishing these private royal photos and the somewhat robust discussion of press ethics captured in this discourse may be evidence of a tentative shift in how newspapers address privacy and the Royal Family.     

AUTOMATION OF SERIALS CHECK-IN

This paper discusses what "automation of serials" should mean. It should include the all important check-in function, which is complicated for various reasons. Administrators don't usually know that a central serials file is dynamite. After watching computers we have come to realize how efficient a manual system can be and why. A truly automated system does not yet exist, but there are some semi-automated operations. Since computerization is here to stay, this paper sounds a number of warnings, among them the specter of information inflation and bibliographic overkill. Yet in the future automated serials systems will be effective if they are on-line and comprehensive, including full claiming and binding control, and ideally the ability to write checks. Reasons are given to explain why NOTIS-3 is probably the best system now in operation, although apparently not yet cost effective. This paper ends with a discussion of costs. Good cost studies do not appear to exist; yet a computerized serials system should not cost more than a manual one.     

微博存在的问题及其规制策略研究——基于信息伦理学视角的分析

文章阐述微博活动引起的伦理道德问题,从信息伦理的四维框架剖析微博伦理问题产生的原因,并提出对策建议,为相关部门和研究人员提供参考。     

档案中介机构应当正名

本文对档案中介机构借助定义的理论分析和功能的实践考察,指出当前我国这种机构存在名不副实的局限,并非真正意义的档案中介机构。理由在于,在理论层面学界的定义并未明确揭示档案中介机构的基本属性——"中介性";在实践层面绝大多数档案中介机构的业务内容也不具备"居间服务"功能。因此,档案中介机构应当正名为"档案服务机构"。     

Supplemental Income

The introduction of colour supplements by three ‘quality’ newspapers during the 1960s was a key development in the British press during the decade, and was described by the editor of the Sunday Times as ‘perhaps the most successful single innovation in post-war journalism’. This article provides an overview of the advent of the colour supplements, explaining why they emerged when they did and developed in the manner they did, and exploring some of the difficulties and issues that attended their arrival. The article also demonstrates that sections of the British press were capable of taking advantage of changes in print and advertising culture brought about by the arrival of the post-war consumer society. However, the term ‘colour supplement’ became pejorative shorthand for the perceived vacuity of this new society, in part because of the tension that existed between the editorial and advertising content of these modish new publications. Consequently, the success of the colour supplement experiment was not universally celebrated.     

Knowledge Gap,Information-Seeking and the Poor

The purpose of this chapter is to address the issues of information seeking behavior within a context of an information poor life style. Several factors can be attributed to an information poor world. For example, it is one in which the mass media are not viewed as providers of useful information. Moreover, this is a world in which there is a parsimony of helpful interpersonal channels. Thus, both formal and personal sources are devoid of everyday practical information of the kind that is needed by poor people. In addressing reasons to explain this phenomenon, knowledge gap theory is examined. The conclusion drawn from this analysis is that, although the mass media are perceived as sources of information for some (the "media rich"), they do not respond to the needs of the poor. Unfortunately, the role that interpersonal sources might play in this process, have not been adequately addressed by knowledge gap researchers.     

中文电子期刊数据库数据滞后问题的探讨

在分析维普、清华同方和万方三个中文电子期刊数据库数据滞后的调查数据的基础上,阐述了数据库数据滞后的不利影响以及滞后的原由,并从数据库供应商和图书馆两方面提出了几种切实可行的解决方案。     

Domestic Adaptations of Europe: A Comparative Study of the Debates on EU Enlargement and a Common Constitution in the German and French Quality Press

The article investigates why a specific European issue is debatedin one country but disregarded in another, and why issues aredebated differently in different European countries. To understandthis national filtering, expectations are formulated as to howspecific policy traditions and issue-specific conflict constellationswithin a country are reflected in media debates. A systematiccontent analysis of the debates on EU enlargement and a commonconstitution for the years 2000–2002 in the German andFrench quality press reveals considerable variation in issuesalience, actors’ prominence and actors’ responsibilityattributions between and within the countries. This variationcan be seen to be connected with different policy traditionsand conflict constellations. The study seeks to go beyond merelydescribing variations in media coverage across Europe and systematicallyuses cross-national and cross-issue comparative research tounderstand this variation. Received for publication October 19, 2006. Accepted for publication April 5, 2007.     

Copyright and licensing — the changing scene

A rapid survey of the key current issues and changes in the copyright and licensing environment. Briefly discusses the reasons why there is so much change, and in particular the changing attitudes of both authors and customers towards publishers. Surveys the new contractual problems confronting publishers; the requirements for doing business electronically in future; major legal changes; and developments in licensing. Concludes by considering how publishers can influence what happens.     

Introduction: Traditional Media and the Internet: The Search for Viable Business Models

This research critically examines the debate and issues surrounding theory and practice concerning regulation and advertising self-regulation with the aim of understanding more fully the implications for the future of coregulation, as well as for coregulating broadcast advertising. Regulatory reform in the United Kingdom, including the creation of the Office of Communications (Ofcom) as a unified regulator for the communications industry, has led to contracting out the regulation of broadcast advertising to an industry coregulator. As a result of a critical examination of theory and practice, important theoretical and managerial implications are made regarding effective interfacing with public and consumer bodies as well as approaches to issues of media convergence. Such analyses and implications are important for understanding better the potential for effectiveness and viability of coregulation as well as for evaluating the likelihood of returning to statutory regulation.     

Museums on the world wide web: A survey and analysis of sixteen institutions

Conclusion Unfortunately, for all four types of museums surveyed, the amount of digitized object offerings is not as robust as one would hope or expect. And, it is not entirely clear as to why this is the case. Copyright concerns? Cost issues? Unclear benefits? While museums may have sound justifications at this point in not offering a wide assortment of images, there is no clear reason why documentation was found to be so often lacking. Documentation is one of the crucial areas in the networked digital environment. It can help ensure that issues such as authenticity and ownership are well-managed in the digital realm. The WWW would also appear to provide an ideal mechanism through which to host non-current exhibitions, providing over future years rich collection tools of continuously available highly structured content.     

Known-item Searches Resulting in Zero Hits: Considerations for Discovery Systems

The goal of this article is to understand the reasons why known-item search queries entered in a discovery system return zero hits. We analyze a sample of 708 known-item queries and classify them into four categories of zero hits with regard to whether the item is held by the library and whether the query is formulated correctly: (1) item in stock, but query incorrect, (2) item not in stock, (3) item in stock, but incomplete or erroneous metadata, (4) query is ambiguous or not understandable. The main reasons for zero hits are caused by acquisition and erroneous search queries. We discuss possible solutions for known-item queries resulting in zero hits from the side of the system and show that 30% of zero hits could easily be avoided by applying automatic spelling correction. We argue that libraries can improve their discovery systems or online catalogs by applying strategies to avoid or cope with zero hits inspired by web search engines and commercial search web sites.     

The Work of a Periodicals Agent

We must begin to plan the National Electronic Library immediately. It is easy to believe that the electronic information-rich environment envisioned by members of he academic community will soon come to pass-the necessary electronic infrastructure is being deployed, government policies to encourage its creation are being formulated, and the popular and trade press abound with predictions of "electronic libraries." Unfortunately, the appearance that the electronic library is imminent is an illusion. This is not for technological reasons, but because of logistical, organizational, financial, and legal obstacles. The new "data highways," which indeed are fast becoming a reality, will be dominated by commercial transactions, entertainment services (e.g., video and games), and general information services (e.g., shopping, banking, news). An intense and concerted effort to develop a radical and effective model for the electronic library is required to overcome the obstacles blocking its realization. In fact, we do not have a choice but to undertake this effort. The urgent financial crises of our libraries make it clear that the traditional library will not scale into the next decade. A National Electronic Library would not only bring signiticant new functionality but would directly address and resolve the economic issues that are fast eroding he viability of the traditional library. To initiate Ule necessary discussion a business plan for an electronic library is proposed. Several key principles are articulated and are used to evaluate different models for the financial and organizational structure of a National Electronic Library. This analysis shows that only a non-profit corporation model has the appropriate characteristics for effective implementation. Ten specific features lhat any successful business plan for a National Electronic Library must have are presented: voluntarism, institutional (not individual) payments, use of existing infrasuucture, cooperation of all stakeholders, initial focus on strategic academic information, new models for licensing, technical standards, adequate tools, appropriate tax incentives, and endorsement of trends towards common or shared library holdings. An analysis of current circumstances reveals that incremental change will not be effective and delay will be costly. There must be an immediate effort lo make radical changes. We must begin now.     

OUT-ing AIDS

Little is known about the relationship between the Irish gay press and the AIDS crisis during the 1980s. This article aims to fill this gap by presenting the findings of a study dealing with the AIDS epidemic in Ireland and how it was confronted through the alternative media platform of OUT magazine. Using issues of OUT, it argues that alternative media in Ireland were pivotal in generating vital public health information for the gay community, particularly when the mainstream press and Irish government were not providing the necessary resources. This article also highlights the activist potential of alternative media such as OUT, as it engaged with public bodies in an attempt to hold them accountable for their response, or lack thereof, to the epidemic. The Irish gay press is thus an important example of how alternative media are critical when mainstream society ignores a particular group’s public health needs.     

Walter Lippmann’s Ghost: An Interview With Michael Schudson

An esteemed scholar conducts an enlightening examination of the enduring issues of the press as a democratic institution, the professionalization of the journalist, journalism schools, liberalism, and science. This imagined one-on-one conversation with Walter Lippmann is lightly humorous yet offers important insights on the accountability of the government by the press in days gone by and on the accountability of the press to the public in our digital age.     

Brain Imaging: A Decade of Coverage in the Print Media

Advances in neuroscience are increasingly intersecting with issues of ethical, legal, and social interest. This study is an analysis of press coverage of an advanced technology for brain imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, that has gained significant public visibility over the past ten years. Discussion of issues of scientific validity and interpretation dominated over ethical content in both the popular and specialized press. Coverage of research on higher order cognitive phenomena specifically attributed broad personal and societal meaning to neuroimages. The authors conclude that neuroscience provides an ideal model for exploring science communication and ethics in a multicultural context.     

Press laws in North Korea

The press in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) is closely tied to its communist sociopolitical structures. The North Korean press finds its modus operandi in the ‘Soviet Communist’ theory for its relationship with its government. This study examines the press laws and regulations in North Korea, pursuing three questions: (1) What is the status of the press as a sociopolitical institution in North Korea?; (2) What is the constitutional and statutory scheme relating to press freedom in North Korea?; and (3) What is the impact of the statutory mechanisms on the press in North Korea?

The press and other mass media in North Korea are totally controlled by the Korean Worker's Party. No dissenting voice is permitted in the news media. North Korea recognizes freedom of the press as a Constitutional right of their citizens. Nevertheless, there is a considerable disparity between the constitutional guarantee of press freedom and its practical application. In the name of ‘collective good’ as defined by President Kim II Sung and his party, the basic right to a free and independent press as understood in its libertarian sense is denied to North Koreans. While there are no separate specialized laws relating to the rights and/or responsibilities of the North Korean press, several indirect press laws are on the books. Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether they have any noticeable bearing upon the functions of the state‐controlled press. The impact of the statutes upon the North Korean press is negligible in that the press does not (or to be precise, need not) feel any statutory constraint. This is because there is no room for conflict between the North Korean press and law enforcement authorities.     

Patient education and health outcomes: implications for library service

Many librarians take an active role in patient education, for practical and ethical reasons; however, it is important to examine the effect of such activities on health outcomes. Although the rationale for patient education is that increased knowledge leads to a change in attitude that in turn affects behavior, studies have shown that this is not always true. Furthermore, other studies have shown that patient education programs by themselves have no lasting influence on patient compliance with therapy that has been linked to improved health. Librarians should examine a variety of reasons for their involvement in patient education activities. For librarians who accept improved patient compliance as a goal, specific recommendations based on literature review are made to help implement effective strategies.