Moral behaviour in sport: a critical review of the literature

The moral domain comprises behaviours that have consequences for the rights and welfare of others (Turiel, 1983). In this review, research examining such behaviours in the sport context is discussed. Researchers have approached the study of moral behaviour in sport from different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Two approaches that have spawned a considerable number of studies in recent years are Rest's (1984) four-component model of moral action and Bandura's (1991) social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. Research emanating from these approaches is discussed followed by work on good and bad sport behaviours, fair play, and aggression. Within each perspective, the measurement approach to behaviour is described, findings of relevant studies are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of these studies are identified. The review concludes by identifying emerging trends in the literature and offering directions for future research.     

体育道德强度与体育专业大学生比赛中亲-反社会行为的关系:体育道德推脱的中介作用

体育道德强度反映了个体对体育情境中道德事件本身道德性质的认知水平,对于个体在运动中的体育道德行为具有重要影响。研究以568名体育专业大学生(男生307名,女生261名,平均年龄=19.1±1.04)为被试进行问卷调查,通过数理统计检验体育道德强度与体育专业大学生比赛中亲-反社会行为之间的关系和体育道德推脱在体育道德强度与比赛中亲-反社会行为关系中的中介作用。结果显示,体育道德强度与体育专业大学生比赛中的亲社会行为之间存在显著正相关,与比赛中的反社会行为之间存在显著负相关;体育道德推脱对体育道德强度和比赛中亲-反社会行为之间关系均表现出了显著的中介效应。研究表明,体育道德强度一方面直接影响体育专业大学生比赛中的亲-反社会行为,另一方面通过体育道德推脱的中介作用对比赛中的亲-反社会行为产生影响。     

刍议体育道德推脱

采用文献资料法,以班杜拉的道德推脱理论为切入点,研究体育道德推脱的表现及原因,认为:体育道德推脱包括四个层级八个策略,第一种层级因素是将有害行为重新解释或转化成值得尊敬的行为,包含道德论证、委婉标示和优势对比三个策略;第二种层级因素是违规者致力于降低个人应负的责任,其中包含了责任转移与责任分散两个策略;第三种层级是针对违规行为的后果,而其策略仅有结果扭曲;最后一个层级发生在行动的受害者,包含了非人性和责备归因两个策略。针对体育道德推脱提出了对策性建议:基于价值观的道德训练课、培养运动员的社会取向特质、强化团队的道德潜意识。     

Basic values predict doping likelihood

ABSTRACT

Basic values, defined as trans-situational goals that vary in importance and act as guiding principles in life, have been linked with unethical cognitions, emotions and actions. Their roles in doping, a form of cheating in sport, have yet to established. College athletes reported doping likelihood in hypothetical scenario-based situations and completed measures of basic values, moral disengagement, and anticipated guilt. Correlation analysis showed that doping likelihood was positively associated with self-enhancement values but negatively associated with self-transcendence values and conservation values. Moral disengagement correlated positively with self-enhancement values and negatively with self-transcendence values, whereas guilt correlated positively conservation values and negatively with self-enhancement values and openness to change values. Regression analyses showed that self-enhancement values positively predicted doping likelihood directly, self-transcendence values negatively predicted doping likelihood indirectly via moral disengagement and guilt, and conservation values negatively predicted doping likelihood indirectly via guilt. In line with theory and evidence concerning the relationship between basic value systems and moral thought and action, we found that the values of athletes are directly (self-enhancement) and indirectly (self-transcendence, conservation) linked with likely use of banned performance enhancing substances, an expression of cheating in sport.     

运动道德判断的研究评述

道德判断是道德发展的主要标志,是道德认知的核心,研究运动员的道德观念及其认知特点,对于提高其道德发展,推动体育运动的健康发展具有重要影响。回顾了多数国内外对运动道德判断的研究,将其归纳为以下几方面进行评述:(1)人口学变量与运动道德判断的研究;(2)运动员与非运动员道德判断差异的研究;(3)体育领域道德判断测验的开发;(4)青少年运动员道德判断阶段的探究。     

竞技体育道德制度化及其特殊形式——道德契约化

道德制度化是现代社会和竞技体育特定环境下竞技体育道德建设的重要举措。探讨竞技体育道德制度化的涵义、背景和特点,实现途径、适用和限制,以及竞技体育道德制度化的特殊形式——道德契约化。阐明竞技体育道德制度化是从普泛意义上规定主体的道德义务(以道德规范形式),道德契约化更加强调各方的权利与义务。     

The role of self-regulatory efficacy,moral disengagement and guilt on doping likelihood: A social cognitive theory perspective

Given the concern over doping in sport, researchers have begun to explore the role played by self-regulatory processes in the decision whether to use banned performance-enhancing substances. Grounded on Bandura’s (1991) theory of moral thought and action, this study examined the role of self-regulatory efficacy, moral disengagement and anticipated guilt on the likelihood to use a banned substance among college athletes. Doping self-regulatory efficacy was associated with doping likelihood both directly (b = ?.16, P < .001) and indirectly (b = ?.29, P < .001) through doping moral disengagement. Moral disengagement also contributed directly to higher doping likelihood and lower anticipated guilt about doping, which was associated with higher doping likelihood. Overall, the present findings provide evidence to support a model of doping based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory of moral thought and action, in which self-regulatory efficacy influences the likelihood to use banned performance-enhancing substances both directly and indirectly via moral disengagement.     

立德树人视域下学校体育教学中德育的实践困境与优化策略

学校体育教学中的德育是落实立德树人教育根本任务和发展学生学科核心素养的重要手段。运用文献资料、逻辑分析等研究方法解析当前体育教学中德育的实践困境并围绕现存问题提出优化策略。研究认为:1)学校体育教学中德育具体指涉的是体育品德教育,体育品德教育是学校场域中道德教育的途径与手段。2)实践困境表现在体育教学德育价值和功能的泛化导致体育品德教育目标的模糊,体育教师对运动技能教学的狭隘理解限制品德教育内容的生成,体育教师教学实践智慧的缺失固化对学生实施品德教育的方式,传统技能教学过程未重视师生交往关系对学生品德塑造的价值,体育品德的内隐性使教师难以把握对学生体育品德的客观评价。提出优化策略:发展学生体育品德学科核心素养是体育教学中德育的目标,强调技能教学项目完整性与突破体育教学德育时空界限,用多种品德教育方式调适学生参与运动项目学习的体验,学生体育品德教育要关注教学过程中师生的互动与交往,提取情境中学生情意品质的表现是体育品德评价的重点。     

Development and validation of the moral disengagement in sport scale

A sport-specific measure of moral disengagement was developed in 2 studies. In Study 1, a 59-item questionnaire was developed and tested with 308 athletes from 5 team sports. A series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) testing different models suggested the model that best fitted the data had 6 first-order factors that could be represented by 1 second-order factor. Study 2 involved 305 athletes from the same 5 sports. CFA confirmed the 6-factor, second-order structure for the final 32-item measure. Results from Study 2 supported the construct validity of the scale, providing evidence for the factorial, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. The Moral Disengagement in Sport Scale (MDSS) is proposed as a valid and reliable measure of moral disengagement for use in the sport context.     

体育道德法律化:意义及其限度

1问题的提出《武汉体育学院学报》2004年第3期刊登了一篇题为《体育规范的法律化》的论文[1]。该论文将体育规范分为两类:一类是体育技术规范,另一类是体育道德规范,进而对体育规范和法律进行了异同点的分析。其中提出:从规范执行的强制力角度看,体育规则远远小于法规,虽然体育     

道德认同、道德推脱、自我定向对大学生体育学习偏差行为影响的实证研究

探讨道德认同、自我定向、道德推脱对大学生体育学习偏差行为的影响,检验多重中介模型适配性。采用道德认同的内在化分量表、运动中任务定向和自我定向问卷的自我定向分量表、体育道德推脱量表和大学生体育学习偏差行为量表,对1537名大学生(年龄20.42±0.532岁;男874人,女663人)进行调查。结果显示:道德认同对大学生体育学习偏差行为的负向影响显著(F=76.668),自我定向、道德推脱对偏差行为的正向影响分别显著(F自我定向=186.899,F道德推脱=137.076);在道德认同影响大学生体育学习偏差行为时,自我定向、道德推脱分别具备部分中介效应,而且,二者的多重中介效应也显著,中介效应分别占总效应的38.10%、5.04%和9.88%,即:道德认同对大学生体育学习偏差行为的间接影响效应占总效应的53.02%。结论:道德认同是改善大学生体育学习偏差行为的心理特质,自我定向、道德推脱是诱发体育学习偏差行为的前因要素;道德认同既可以直接的方式改善大学生体育学习偏差行为,还可以通过抑制道德推脱机制来缓解自我定向,进而有效避免产生体育学习的偏差行为。本研究可为防范和解决体育教学中的诸多潜在问题提供理论参考和实践启示。     

我国运动员运动动机与运动道德推脱关系探究

为进一步揭示运动动机与运动道德推脱的关系,探索预测运动道德推脱的动机类型。采用运动道德推脱量表（MDSS）、运动行为调节量表（BRSQ－6）对运动员的运动道德推脱水平和运动动机进行了测量。结果表明：1）运动道德推脱在性别、项目类型上存在显著差异,在运动等级上无显著差异;2）自主动机与运动道德推脱呈显著负相关,受控动机与运动道德推脱呈显著正相关;3）自主动机可以负向预测运动道德推脱,受控动机可以正向预测运动道德推脱。     

Beyond the playing field: sport psychology meets embodied cognition

In contrast to traditional views of the mind as an abstract information processor, recent theories of embodied cognition suggest that our representations of objects and events are grounded in action. In this review, I document recent behavioral and neuropsychological evidence in support of an embodied viewpoint, and I argue that sensorimotor experience plays a pivotal role in the embodied cognition framework. As such, not only can cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience inform sport psychology theory and research, but sport psychology (and motor skill expertise research in particular) is imperative for advancing theories of embodied cognition.     

竞技体育领域道德风险若干问题探究

竞技体育道德风险问题对竞技体育的健康、持续发展带来了诸多不利影响,通过对竞技体育道德风险的概念描述及其特征,根据竞技体育行为主体逃避或违犯的各种制度或规范的种类,将目前竞技体育的道德风险分为政策性道德风险、赛场性道德风险、公益性道德风险和自我性道德风险四大类。认为产生道德风险的原因主要有:竞技体育法律制约机制不健全;竞技体育道德风险防范管理机制的不健全;竞技体育行为主体的道德素质有待提高等。     

The moral disengagement in sport scale--short

A scale has recently been developed to measure moral disengagement in sport (Boardley & Kavussanu, 2007). It consists of 32 items that measure the eight mechanisms of moral disengagement proposed by Bandura (1991). In the present study, we aimed to: (a) examine whether a subset of these items could form a short version of the scale; (b) provide evidence for the construct validity of the short version; and (c) test its measurement invariance across sex and sport type. A total of 992 football, rugby, hockey, basketball, and netball players from three different samples completed the long version of the scale. Data analyses indicated that the short version of the scale consisted of eight items and had high internal consistency. Construct validity of the scale was evidenced via correlations with sport moral disengagement and prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Multisample confirmatory factor analyses established measurement invariance across sex and partial measurement invariance across four team sports. In conclusion, the short version of the scale is a reliable and valid measure of moral disengagement in sport.     

Prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport: the role of coaching style, autonomous vs. controlled motivation, and moral disengagement

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationships between contextual factors (i.e., autonomy-supportive vs. controlling coaching style) and person factors (i.e., autonomous vs. controlled motivation) outlined in self-determination theory (SDT) were related to prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sport. We also investigated moral disengagement as a mediator of these relationships. Athletes' (n = 292, M = 19.53 years) responses largely supported our SDT-derived hypotheses. Results indicated that an autonomy-supportive coaching style was associated with prosocial behavior toward teammates; this relationship was mediated by autonomous motivation. Controlled motivation was associated with antisocial behavior toward teammates and antisocial behavior toward opponents, and these two relationships were mediated by moral disengagement. The results provide support for research investigating the effect of autonomy-supportive coaching interventions on athletes' prosocial and antisocial behavior.     

体育运动与道德发展关系再认识

体育情境中的道德发展研究是学术界当前最关注的课题之一.通过对体育有助于良性道德倾向的建立、体育对于道德的发展或定向有无实质性影响、体育对参与者道德的负面影响三方面进行分析与论证,进而探讨体育运动对道德发展的作用及影响机制,以期发挥体育运动对道德的促进功能,从而促进全人类的道德发展,使体育运动成为人类展现文明的舞台,人类完美自身的媒介.     

试论竞技体育的道德缺失及其对策

体育道德的缺失不仅影响比赛的公平性,而且伤害了体育精神和体育伦理。造成体育道德缺失的原因主要有:重个人主义,轻集体主义;重功利主义,轻理想主义;重拜金主义,轻爱国主义。加强竞技体育道德建设,应加强伦理道德教育,构建道德教育系统;加强道德自律,不断完善自我;加强制度建设,优化体育社会环境。     

动机效果主次论:一种可操作的裁判员道德评价观

伴随着市场经济和俱乐部职业化商业化的持续发展,体育比赛中的道德问题日益突出,裁判员的道德问题尤为引人关注。在道德评价的理论基础上,提出了裁判员道德评价的基本标准:真、善、美,具体标准:公正、诚实、节制与勇敢。通过分析伦理学界道德评价的三种依据:动机论、效果论、动机与效果结合论的优缺点,提出动机效果主次论是一种可以对裁判员道德行为进行评价的主要依据与方法。     

Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing judgments of the acceptability and likelihood of sport cheating

This study extends previous psychosocial literature (Bandura et al., 2001, 2003) by examining a structural model of the self-regulatory mechanisms governing the acceptability and likelihood of cheating in a sport context. Male and female adolescents (N = 804), aged 15-20 years, took part in this study. Negative affective self-regulatory efficacy influenced the acceptability and likelihood of cheating through the mediating role of moral disengagement, in females and males. Affective efficacy positively influenced prosocial behavior through moral disengagement or through resistive self-regulatory efficacy and social efficacy, in both groups. The direct effects of affective efficacy on beliefs about cheating were only evident in females. These results extend the findings of Bandura et al. (2001, 2003) to the sport context and suggest that affective and resistive self-regulatory efficacy operate in concert in governing adolescents' moral disengagement and transgressive behaviors in sport.