1965—2013年国际教育人类学的研究前沿与演化

自20世纪60年代以来,教育人类学在世界范围内获得了快速发展。运用文献资料调研、知识可视化、词频分析等方法,对1965-2013年间Web of Science发表的5316篇教育人类学相关学术文献进行分析,可以发现:国际教育人类学研究的发文量呈蓬勃发展的态势;相关领域学者的分布较为分散,核心作者尚未形成,期刊分布与机构分布则都显示出相对集中和高度分散共存的非均衡化的发展特点;教育人类学具有跨学科研究的特点,相关研究的热点主题与研究前沿的演化均具有按时期演化的特征。研究热点的主题可归类于教育人类学研究对象特征的关注、教育人类学实现形式的研究、教育人类学实施效果的评价研究;国际教育人类学的知识基础在20世纪90年代逐渐趋于稳定并基本成熟,教育公平研究、具体文化视域下的教育人类学研究等在不同时期成为教育人类学的知识基础。     

Learning and Teaching Climate Science: The Perils of Consensus Knowledge Using Agnotology

Agnotology has been defined in a variety of ways including “the study of ignorance and its cultural production” and “the study of how and why ignorance or misunderstanding exists.” More recently, however, it has been posited that agnotology should be used in the teaching of climate change science. But rather than use agnotology to enhance an understanding of the complicated nature of the complex Earth’s climate, the particular aim is to dispel alternative viewpoints to the so-called consensus science. One-sided presentations of controversial topics have little place in the classroom as they serve only to stifle debate and do not further knowledge and enhance critical thinking. Students must understand not just what is known and why it is known to be true but also what remains unknown and where the limitations on scientific understanding lie. Fact recitation coupled with demonizing any position or person who disagrees with a singularly-derived conclusion has no place in education. Instead, all sides must be covered in highly debatable and important topics such as climate change, because authoritarian science never will have all the answers to such complex problems.     

What is meant by inclusion? An analysis of European and North American journal articles with high impact

The purpose of this review is to further our knowledge about what is meant by inclusion in research addressing the topic. While it is common to remark that inclusion is defined in different ways in research, few attempts have been made to map and analyse different types of definitions and whether there are patterns to be find in how the concept is used. The 30 most cited journal articles from a North American and a European research arena were selected for analysis. Each article was analysed in relation to genre, theoretical tradition and inclusion concept used. The review yielded several important results. To name a few, a divide was identified between position articles, with developed discussions about and analyses of the meaning of inclusion, and empirical articles, where inclusion signifies that children with disabilities are placed in the mainstream. In addition, writing within a critical theoretical tradition was much more common among positional papers. Further, both arenas are dominated by Anglo-Saxon researchers. It is argued that the conceptual confusion characterising the field impedes its development.     

Just Google it! Digital literacy and the epistemology of ignorance

ABSTRACT

In this paper we examine digital literacy and explicate how it relates to the philosophical study of ignorance. Using data from a study which explores the knowledge producing work of undergraduate students as they wrote course assignments, we argue that a social practice approach to digital literacy can help explain how epistemologies of ignorance may be sustained. If students are restricted in what they can know because they are unaware of exogenous actors (e.g. algorithms), and how they guide choices and shape experiences online, then a key issue with which theorists of digital literacy should contend is how to educate students to be critically aware of how power operates in online spaces. The challenge for Higher Education is twofold: to understand how particular digital literacy practices pave the way for the construction of ignorance, and to develop approaches to counter it.     

Escape From Metaignorance: How Children Develop an Understanding of Their Own Lack of Knowledge

Previous research yielded conflicting results about when children can accurately assess their epistemic states in different hiding tasks. In Experiment 1, ninety‐two 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds were either shown which object was hidden inside a box, were totally ignorant about what it could be, or were presented with two objects one of which was being put inside (partial exposure). Even 3‐year‐olds could assess their epistemic states in the total ignorance and the complete knowledge task. However, only children older than 5 could assess their ignorance in the partial exposure task. In Experiment 2 with one hundred and one 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds, similar results were found for children under 5 years even when more objects were shown in partial exposure tasks. Implications for children’s developing theory of knowledge are discussed.     

When Incivility Is a Form of Civility: Challenging the Comfort of Willful Ignorance

In this essay, Barbara Applebaum reframes the case for subversive incivility by emphasizing the links between civility, comfort, and willful ignorance. The scholarship defending incivility gives much attention to ascertaining when incivility is justified. While acknowledging the importance of this focus, Applebaum asks whether it fails to adequately acknowledge (1) the role that willful ignorance plays in maintaining systemic privilege and oppression, and (2) how calls for civility are demands for dominant group comfort that protect willful ignorance from challenge. The essay begins with a review of some of the arguments that have been articulated in defense of justified incivility, particularly Tracy Owen Patton's concept of hegemonic civility. Next, Applebaum calls attention to how subversive incivility aims to disrupt the dominant group comfort that preserves willful ignorance, arguing that “incivility” is marked not by the tone of an utterance or argument, but rather by whether the message challenges hegemonic frameworks. She then elaborates the type of ignorance involved in willful ignorance and, finally, uses this concept to analyze a case of student “incivility” at Yale University. Applebaum concludes by recommending a shift in focus from establishing what counts as civility versus incivility to addressing the more fundamental question about what one is unwilling to know.     

Knowledge, Sentience and Receptivity: a paradigm of lifelong learning

This article aims to develop a paradigm of lifelong learning situations. The starting point is the EU-Commission policy document where three kinds of learning situations are identified: formal, non-formal and informal. The article tries to deepen this categorisation by searching for the underlying ontological and epistemological dimensions.
The ontological dimension consists of three corresponding realities — formal, non-formal and informal reality. The formal reality is a world of generalities. The non-formal reality is a world of individualities – and not just of individual human beings.
In the same way, the epistemological dimension consists of three corresponding kinds of knowledge: formal, non-formal and informal. Formal knowledge is a knowing you can formulate, basically as concepts in thoughts possible to formulate in words. Non-formal knowledge consists of the learner's ability to see and sense what an actual event shows and (literally) make sense-ible. It is a circumstantial knowledge .
As for informal knowledge , you cannot have that ability. But, in the moment of happening, the event will give you this ability to see and sense what to do and how to do — as a whim or fancy from nowhere. Informal knowledge is epiphanic .
These two dimensions form a nine field paradigm of different kinds of learning settings. In relation to the formal, non-formal and informal reality the conceptual knowledge will be produced in the academic setting; the learning setting of conceptualising reflection; the learning setting of ignorance. The circumstantial knowledge will be developed in the master-apprentice learning setting; the learning setting of trial and error; the setting of accidental learning. The epiphanic knowledge will be revealed in the learning setting of self-evident clearness; the learning setting of individual unique simplicity; the learning setting of vivifying activities.     

学校教育与地方知识关系探究——基于一项裕固族乡村社区民族志研究

学校教育代表主流社会和国家利益,而地方知识则存在于具体的社区脉络中。在中国少数民族地区的乡村社区里,学校教育与地方知识的关系更深地潜藏在国家与乡村互相建构的关系之中,学校对新时期乡民的真实文化需求,例如将少数民族语言教育纳入学校课程体系的忽视,很可能是导致学校与社区关系趋于紧张的主要原因。学校与社区的关系问题,是文化取向的教育人类学研究的经典命题,亟待相关专家学者在跨文化比较的视野中通过扎实的民族志研究提供有益的中国经验。     

Looking out for each other: children helping left‐out children

Linet Arthur's article explores an issue of concern to all teachers from time to time, no matter what the age group they teach. It is refreshing, therefore, to read this study of a project carried out in a group of primary schools which had a positive impact at all the schools involved. While many articles published in this journal touch on the question of social inclusion for children with special educational needs, we welcome this one which looks at it specifically.     

名牌大学应是国家知识创新体系的核心

全世界 2 /3的 Nature和 Science论文是由大学发表的 ,3 /4的诺贝尔科学奖是由大学获得的。其中 ,前 1 0 0名的大学发表的 Nature和 Science论文占大学发表总数的 3 /4左右 ,获得的诺贝尔科学奖占大学获奖总数的 94%。我国大学发表的 SCI论文占全国发表总数的 3 /4,前 5 0名的大学发表的 SCI论文占大学发表总数的 3 /4。事实雄辩地证明 ,名牌大学是知识创新体系的核心。必须尽快启动“中国名牌大学国家知识创新试点工程”,将我国名牌大学纳入国家知识创新体系的核心。     

Using Chinese knowledge in internationalising research education: Jacques Rancière,an ignorant supervisor and doctoral students from China

The problematic of the research reported in this paper, namely the place of Chinese knowledge in educational research in Australia provides an opportunity to use Rancière’s work to rethink the place of ignorance in the supervisory pedagogies used in internationalising education. Because its scope and character is quite variable, consideration is given to four heterogeneous but interdependent approaches to deciding what counts as ignorance. This raises several important theoretical and pedagogical questions about the correspondence between economic power, what we know and what we do with our ignorance; the agency of international students in articulating their intellectual heritage through Western educational research, and the potential of intellectual resources available from China being used by students from there when undertaking research aboard. Eight working principles are provided to inform debates among care‐full and conscientious supervisors’ interested in engaging, pedagogically with their cross‐cultural ignorance.     

从政治化到“去政治化”:人类学重建非洲价值的路径

学科是具有独立性的。这种独立性在方式上是外在于国家、阶级、政治或民族而存在的,在效果上是能够达到普世性共享的。但是,在人类历史进程中,学科的这种独立性被动摇了。19世纪,在自然科学的启发下,人类学展示出一种开放的学科态度和学术热情,力图对所有民族展开探索。随着西方对非洲殖民奴役的展开,人类学试图给世界呈现出一幅比哲学或实验科学更为贴切的关于非洲的形象。殖民统治瓦解后,人类学对非洲的生产、技术、制度和文化重新考察,对主导现代化和全球化发展的西方价值提出全面质疑,对当今世界信息技术决定一切的现实展开重估,以重塑非洲价值。     

What's Meat Got to Do with It? Some Considerations for Ecologizing Education with Respect to Diet

Even in a society of meat‐eaters such as the United States, when diet is addressed in school at all, it is widely treated as matter of personal choice, the consequences of which are borne by individual consumers. Overlooked are myriad connections involved in human diet and the implications of consumption for other entities. In the first part of this essay, Suzanne Rice discusses ways in which diet, particularly meat‐eating, is connected to animal suffering, environmental harms including climate change and pollution, and risks to the health of agricultural workers and consumers. In the second part, she discusses ways in which education might be “ecologized” in efforts to help students gain insight into such connections. There are many ways to ecologize education, but regardless of how teachers proceed, they are likely to encounter not only simple ignorance, relatively unproblematic gaps in students' knowledge linked to youth and inexperience, but also willful ignorance, more problematic gaps linked to avoidance, manipulation, or rejection of evidence perceived as threatening.     

Imagining a future,living in the present and remembering the past

The remit for this short piece was to identify themes emerging from the articles in this edition by Julie McLeod, Duncan Waite and Eugenie Samier, to consider how these themes reflect on the current field, and to identify their ongoing relevance. Additionally, I was asked to consider the current challenges that the field is facing and what this means for research and journals such as this one. My short response is that our research has to matter. It has to matter to us as individuals so that what we do is worthwhile; it has to matter that we can provide rigorous research that is reliable so that it can inform policy makers and administrators; and it has to provide teachers and students with a greater understanding of why they are doing what they are being asked to do.     

Unraveling the process and meaning of problem-based learning experiences

This paper investigates the process and meaning of problem-based learning (PBL) that students may experience. The Project Cycle Management method was taught and utilised as an instrument of PBL at a Japanese women’s college over a period of 5 years. The study closely examined what and how students learned in PBL from the perspectives of cognitive, social, and internal aspects. Despite the relative ignorance about the internal aspect of learners in previous research, the results of the study revealed that the internal aspect is inseparably linked with the other two aspects, and the three of them simultaneously undergo their own changes in the PBL process. That is, meaningful learning experiences seem to be no less importantly affected by the feelings or internal aspect of learners than by cognitive and social counterparts. Then, beyond knowledge building and skill acquirement, PBL may have contributed to broadening learners’ perspectives and promoting their personal development. In this regard, PBL can be defined anew, from an angle different from that of previous research, as learning that can generate rich and varied emotions in learners concurrently as they face problems, enable them to acquire subject matter knowledge and relational skills through dialogue, and eventually guide them to the threshold of personal transformation.     

Towards a geography of emotional analysis

This article is a forum response to a research article on self-reporting methods when studying discrete emotions in science education environments. Studying emotions in natural settings is a difficult task because of the complexity of deciphering verbal and non-verbal communication. In my response I present three main points that build on insights mainly from philosophy and anthropology. The three points are: first, the significance of connecting the visible and measurable with the invisible and intangible; second, what it means to think about the practices of knowing; and third, an argument to map out a geography of analysis that takes also into account who or what emotions are directed at.     

近十年中国宗教人类学研究综述

本文仅就中国宗教人类学研究近十年发表的期刊论文,从宗教人类学学科理论研究,宗教人类学视角研究,宗教人类学田野调查报告三个方面作了简要综述。     

汉语教育人类学的发展轨迹及其特征

中国教育人类学要实现本土化,其“本”有两层含义：一是源发于中国教育的经验与知识。二是使用汉语来表达教育人类学的经验和思想。汉语教育人类学的产生和发展经历了奠定根基的时代、体系初建的时代、多元发展的时代。汉语教育人类学的发展特点是：汉语教育人类学是一门外生交叉学科,而非内生分支学科;汉语教育人类学的主要研究对象是“本土文化”;汉语教育人类学是用“汉语”这一语言方式表达经验和思想的。     

Mathematics teacher educator knowledge: What do we know and where to from here?

The knowledge that mathematics teacher educators need has attracted limited but increasing attention in recent years. The papers in this special issue build on emerging themes from that work and raise additional questions that contribute towards a future research agenda in the field. Several of the articles develop conceptualisations of teacher knowledge to apply to mathematics teacher educators, introducing new aspects and drawing attention to unique characteristics of mathematics teacher educators in the process. To some extent the questions these papers raise reflect similar questions in mathematics education more generally but for which the implications for mathematics teacher educators warrant attention. In this paper we review the articles in this special issue and use them as a springboard to examine contemporary developments in the field and posit ways forward for research on mathematics teacher educators’ knowledge.