Attentional focus and motor learning: a review of 15 years

Over the past 15 years, research on focus of attention has consistently demonstrated that an external focus (i.e., on the movement effect) enhances motor performance and learning relative to an internal focus (i.e., on body movements). This article provides a comprehensive review of the extant literature. Findings show that the performance and learning advantages through instructions or feedback inducing an external focus extend across different types of tasks, skill levels, and age groups. Benefits are seen in movement effectiveness (e.g., accuracy, consistency, balance) as well as efficiency (e.g., muscular activity, force production, cardiovascular responses). Methodological issues that have arisen in the literature are discussed. Finally, our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the attentional focus effect is outlined, and directions for future research are suggested.     

河南省高校退休教师身体形态分析及对策研究

本文运用文献资料法、测试调查法和数理分析法等方法,调查了河南省高校390名退休教师身体形态（身高、体重、腰围、臀围、上臂皮褶厚度和肩胛部皮褶厚度）6项指标,利用BMI和WHR综合分析,退休教师的身体形态具有明显的年龄特性,进一步分析退休教师身体形态的变化规律及存在的差异和原因,为研究河南省老年人体质健康状况和制订科学的健身方式提供科学数据。     

Learning through group work in physical education: a symbolic interactionist approach

In line with contemporary constructivist pedagogies, students are frequently expected to learn through interaction in physical education (PE). There is a relatively sophisticated body of literature focusing on learning in groups, peer teaching, and cooperative learning. Current research has not, however, focused on how the body is implicated in interactional learning. This is surprising given that much learning in PE is expected to take place in the physical domain. The aim of this paper is to contribute to current theorizing by examining social interactions in PE practice. By drawing on symbolic interactionist theory, we put forward a framework for considering how inter-student interactions occur in a multimodal sense. Key ideas relate to (1) the sequential organization of interactions; (2) the ways in which semiotic resources in different fields are used to elaborate each other; (3) the importance of interpretation as a driver of interaction; (4) the creation of local environments in which participants attend to and work together within a shared world of perception; and (5) the influence of material environments on social interaction. The specific concepts employed are epistemic ecology, epistemic position, and learning trajectory. The paper includes observational data from an investigation of learning in Swedish PE to demonstrate the explanatory power and limitations of the theoretical tenets presented. The paper is concluded with practical implications of understanding group work in a multimodal manner.     

在健美操教学中如何提高"弱势"大学生学习效果的探讨

健美操是一项新兴的体育项目 ,目前已深入到高校的体育课 ,深受广大学生的喜爱。在健美操教学中 ,选用适合学生心理活动规律的方法是健美操教学最佳效果的关键。但目前高校的健美操教学还存在许多问题 ,在学习健美操的同学中 ,还存在一些身体素质较差 ,心理素质和协调等方面都低于一般水平的同学。本文对健美操学习中“弱势群体”进行调查与分析 ,对如何提高这部分同学的学习效果进行探讨。     

Consumer experience quality: A review and extension of the sport management literature

Over the last two decades, the number of studies examining the roles of the core sport product, ancillary services, social interactions among consumers, and relationship marketing programs in the sport context has grown. However, it is also true that these topics have been advanced in many independent research endeavors depending on the touch points (e.g., sport, service, social, and communication encounters) being assessed. To integrate this body of research with sport consumer behavior, the purpose of this conceptual paper, which represents a contribution to the 20th anniversary of Sport Management Review (SMR), is to introduce the construct of consumer experience quality as consisting of four important dimensions – core product, service, social network, and relationship investment quality – into the sport management literature. In order to explain the utility of the proposed construct in the sport context, this article presents an integrative conceptual framework that draws on multiple theories and bodies of literature. A series of propositions are offered to not only understand the role of consumer experience quality in sport consumer decision-making, but also to specify the conditions under which sport consumers are more likely to be satisfied with the core sport product and ancillary services, feel and behave in response to brand-related stimuli, and engage in both transactional and non-transactional behaviors. The paper concludes that future research should be directed at testing the propositions offered in the conceptual framework.     

Effects of Different Combinations of Intensity Categories on Self-Reported Exercise

Abstract

Self-reports of exercise are used extensively in behavioral, social psychological, and epidemiological research (Ainsworth, Montoye, & Leon, 1994; Caspersen, 1997). Schwarz (1999) noted that many characteristics strongly influence self-reports of behavior, including question wording, format, and context. Of particular interest in the present study is the possible effect of providing different combinations of intensity categories (i.e., light/mild, moderate, and vigorous/strenuous) on self-reported exercise. A review of the exercise measurement literature indicates that researcher-developed and published questionnaires have varied in the number of exercise intensity categories they present to respondents. For example, researcher-developed questionnaires have often used only one category of exercise intensity, such as moderate (e.g., Miller, Trost, & Brown, 2002; Wallace, Buckworth, Kirby, & Sherman, 2000) or vigorous (e.g., Owen, Sedgwick, & Davies, 1988; Washburn, Goldfield, Smith, & McKinlay, 1990). Conversely, published questionnaires have typically used multiple intensity categories, such as moderate and vigorous/strenuous (e.g., Blair et al., 1985; Heath, Pate, & Pratt, 1993) or light/mild, moderate, and vigorous/strenuous (e.g., Baecke, Burema, & Frijters 1982; Godin & Shephard, 1985; Myers, Bader, Madhavan, & Froelicher, 2001). It is unknown, however, if providing different combinations of exercise intensity categories has any effect on the amount of exercise reported in a given intensity category or in total.     

运动对人体组成影响的研究进展 ——第九届国际人体组成学研讨会综述

综述了第九届国际人体组成学研讨会中有关运动对人体组成影响的研究,为读者介绍在此领域里国内外的最新研究动态。依据研究对象的不同,将有关运动对人体组成影响的研究大致分为3个方面：运动对一般人群人体组成的影响、运动员的人体组成、运动对疾病患者人体组成的影响,并分别概述了有关研究内容。与其他国家的研究相比,国内研究虽然在数量上占优势（国内文章有22篇,其他国家11篇）,但在质量上要弱于其他国家,国内学者更多地采用生物电阻抗的方法,探讨运动单一因素和对人体组成影响,较少考虑到饮食、能量平衡等因素对人体组成的影响。对群体日常体力活动量与人体组成的影响研究中,量化体力活动量多采用加速度计,得到的结果与真实的日常体力活动量还有一定的差距。我们期待新技术和新方法的出现,以便为日常体力活动量与人体组成的量效关系研究带来便捷。     

健身舞步运动对50-59岁超重女性身体成分影响的研究

目的:通过对实验前后50-59岁超重女性身体成分指标进行对比研究,了解健身舞步对中年女性身体成分的影响,引导中年女性建立健康的生活方式,同时为健身舞步的健身作用提供科学的理论依据.方法:选取50名超重女性作为研究对象,参与8周健身舞步运动,采用身体成分分析仪测试运动干预前后身体成分.结果:8周运动干预后,身体成分各个指标均低于运动干预前,并且存在显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论:健身舞步运动能够降低机体体重、BMI、脂肪含量、脂肪百分比等,对于身体成分具有良好的改善作用.     

Effects of a 12-week resistance exercise program on physical self-perceptions in college students

There is an increase in literature suggesting exercise can promote positive changes in physical self-perceptions that can manifest as an increase in global self-esteem. In the present study, we assessed self-esteem using the hierarchical framework of the Exercise and Self-Esteem Model (EXSEM) along with cognitive facets at the subdomain level (e.g., competence, certainty, importance, and ideal self-discrepancy). This allowed for an analysis of cognitive facets as possible contributors to changes in physical self-perceptions. We addressed these aims with a sample of 120 college-age adults who completed a 12-week resistance exercise program. Results indicated significant improvements in self-perception constructs at all levels of the EXSEM. The hierarchical structure of the EXSEM was partially supported, as we observed successively smaller improvements at each level of the model (e.g., self-esteem showed lesser improvements than physical self-worth). In addition, a path model developed to explain the impact of strength changes on self-esteem proved a good fit for the data. Results are discussed in terms of contemporary models of self-perception, potential mediators of exercise on self-esteem, and the need to consider cognitive facets of self-perception.     

安徽省社区全民健身活动现状与发展策略研究——以蚌埠市为例

随着物质生活条件的提高,身体健康对生活品质的影响越来越重要,了解安徽省社区全民健身活动现状对提高居民的精神与文化生活具有积极的促进作用.以蚌埠市社区全民健身活动为例,运用文献资料法、调查访问法、数据统计、观察法等方法对全民健身活动现状进行调查与分析.结果显示,社区全民健身活动开展情况整体上处于自然发展状态,经常参加体育锻炼的人口也有所增加,大多数居民消费水平有限,缺乏健身意识;居民的体育价值观念,专业的体育指导,居民的生活方式,社会提供的场地设施是影响社区全民健身活动的主要影响因素.提出普及健身知识提高参与体育锻炼的动机;增加体育活动场所和社区体育器材的数量,丰富业余文化生活,促进体育消费;加快社会体育指导员的培养工作;提高对社区体育组织与管理水平等发展策略.     

不同健身形式对女性体成分和骨代谢的影响

探讨不同健身形式对女性体成分和骨代谢的影响。150名女性受试者随机分为1个对照组,9个健身组。9个健身组进行6个月的健身运动,测试运动后的体重、去脂体重、肌力、心功能、血AKP、ACP、E2。结果:1)有氧运动与肌肉力量锻炼相结合可使去脂体重和去脂体重/体重指数明显提高,有氧运动能提高心功能,提示,体成分可作为健身效果评价的重要指标之一。2)经6个月的锻炼,9个运动组的E2浓度明显升高,有氧运动结合肌肉力量训练的AKP活性升高,ACP活性下降,表明,有氧运动对E2的浓度、有氧运动结合肌肉力量对AKP、ACP水平的影响较大。建议健身者在进行有氧运动锻炼时,应加强肌肉力量的训练,以提高去脂体重和骨代谢水平,防治骨质疏松症。     

Considerations for protein intake in managing weight loss in athletes

Abstract

A large body of evidence now shows that higher protein intakes (2–3 times the protein Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 g/kg/d) during periods of energy restriction can enhance fat-free mass (FFM) preservation, particularly when combined with exercise. The mechanisms underpinning the FFM-sparing effect of higher protein diets remain to be fully elucidated but may relate to the maintenance of the anabolic sensitivity of skeletal muscle to protein ingestion. From a practical point of view, athletes aiming to reduce fat mass and preserve FFM should be advised to consume protein intakes in the range of ～1.8–2.7 g kg^?1 d^?1 (or ～2.3–3.1 g kg^?1 FFM) in combination with a moderate energy deficit (?500 kcal) and the performance of some form of resistance exercise. The target level of protein intake within this recommended range requires consideration of a number of case-specific factors including the athlete's body composition, habitual protein intake and broader nutrition goals. Athletes should focus on consuming high-quality protein sources, aiming to consume protein feedings evenly spaced throughout the day. Post-exercise consumption of 0.25–0.3 g protein meal^?1 from protein sources with high leucine content and rapid digestion kinetics (i.e. whey protein) is recommended to optimise exercise-induced muscle protein synthesis. When protein is consumed as part of a mixed macronutrient meal and/or before bed slightly higher protein doses may be optimal.     

基于社会建构主义学习理念的体育教师角色定位

采用文献资料法,基于社会建构主义学习理论、维果茨基空间模型,从体育教师知识学习意义构建的内化、转化、外化、习俗化4个维度和社会建构主义学习理论对体育教师角色定位的启示,全面深入的了解体育教师在社会建构主义学习理念中与学生双向“学习共同体”中的相互作用。并提出体育教师角色定位：成为学生知识意义构建的“抛锚者”、成为学生知识意义建构的“提携者”、成为学生知识意义构建的“关注者”和“组织者”、成为学生知识意义建构的“对话者”、开发教师的“动态评价体系”等建议,为我国体育教师社会建构体系的建设提供参考。     

The response of intracellular signaling and muscle-protein metabolism to nutrition and exercise

Abstract

In recent years, a body of literature examining the response of muscle-protein metabolism to exercise and nutrition has arisen. Developments in methods, especially stable isotopic tracer methodology, have allowed much information to be gathered in vivo in humans. The metabolic mechanism behind increased muscle mass requires that muscle-protein synthesis exceeds breakdown, i.e., net muscle-protein synthesis. Increased net muscle-protein balance may occur due to exercise, but net synthesis may occur only with the addition of nutrients, particularly a source of amino acids. The major impact of increased amino acid availability on net muscle-protein balance is due to stimulation of muscle-protein synthesis and less to inhibition of muscle-protein breakdown. Amino acids seem to stimulate muscle-protein synthesis, not only by mass action, i.e., providing substrate, but also as signals for initiation of protein synthesis. Stimulation of muscle-protein synthesis by amino acid ingestion may be linked to increased intracellular amino acid levels and/or to changing amino acid levels in the blood. Carbohydrate ingestion, most likely through the action of insulin, also may play a role in the response of muscle to exercise and nutrition. There is very little research in humans in vivo on the intracellular signaling that is linked to muscle-protein synthesis. It is clear that intracellular signaling responds to both insulin and amino acids, but the interactions with exercise are not well known; however, the details of the pathways have only just begun to be investigated, especially in humans. Delineation of these pathways is complicated, and there is little doubt that multiple intracellular signaling pathways with several levels of communication are involved in the hypertrophy process in response to nutrition and exercise. A systematic investigation of the relationship of the signaling to insulin and amino acids combined with exercise will provide important information, especially for populations vulnerable to muscle loss.     

技术健身教学论的理论基础与基本思路

技术健身教学论是有名称的体育教学论。其理论基础是互补原理;其基本思路是体育教学以传习运动技术为主旨,不强调健身强体之效果,也不追求运动技术这种操作性知识的任何实用效益;其客观效果将是运动技术传习活动虽不追求却必有强化体能之功效。     

舍宾(SHAPING)形体训练对中青年女性心肺功能、身体形态及素质影响的研究

研究目的:由于社会地位的改变,社会责任及义务的增加,女性的健康状况成了社会普遍关注,不容忽视的问题。通过舍宾形体训练对中青年女性部分生理指标影响的研究,对比分析出其科学性、实效性。研究方法:采用文献资料调研、实验法、数理统计法、比较法。主要结果和结论:舍宾形体训练能使中青年女性的心肺功能得到较明显的改善;舍宾形体训练对改善中青年女性身体形态非常有效;舍宾形体训练能提高中青年女性的力量素质及柔韧素质。建议:高校将舍宾形体训练系统引入女生健康、健美教学;将舍宾发扬光大,使更多的女性朋友了解舍宾,进入舍宾,进而更加完善自我。     

对中学教师体育生活方式的调查研究

通过对地方中学教师体育生活方式的调查研究,表明中学教师健身需求以及参与动机有着多元化的趋势。体育健身方式和内容呈现出明显扩大化、现代化、社会化形式。提出对中学教师的健身时间和场所有关部门的高度重视,同时提出加强和改善中学教师体育生活方式的建议,从而推进全民健身计划实施。     

Muscle capacity and physical function in older women: What are the impacts of resistance training?

The number of older adults (individuals ≥65 years), particularly women, in our society is increasing and understanding the impact of exercise on muscle capacity (e.g., strength and power) and subsequently physical function is of utmost importance to prevent disability and maintain independence. Muscle capacity declines with age and this change negatively impacts physical function in older women. Exercise, specifically resistance training, is recommended to counteract these declines; however, the synergistic relationships between exercise, muscle capacity, and physical function are poorly understood. This review will summarize the literature regarding age-related changes in the aforementioned variables and review the research on the impact of resistance training interventions on muscle capacity and physical function in older women. Recommendations for future research in this area will be discussed.     

Promoting Prenatal Exercise From a Sociocultural and Life-Course Perspective: An “Embodied” Conceptual Framework

Purpose: Prenatal exercise is a health behavior that is receiving growing attention amid concern that women in Western societies are gaining excess weight during pregnancy and contributing to future obesity in both the mother and child. In this article, we draw on insights from the fields of social epidemiology and social theory of the body to examine existing prenatal exercise interventions and to propose a multidimensional framework intended to guide future theorizing and intervention design. Method: A scoping review of existing prenatal exercise programs and interventions focused on controlling gestational weight gain was conducted. Articles published prior to January 2017 were obtained from PubMed and CINAHL, and relevant articles were identified (n = 62) using specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Identified articles were further analyzed to classify the level(s) of the socioecological model targeted in the intervention or program. Results: The majority of existing interventions target intrapersonal factors during pregnancy and do not attend to the role that cumulative exposure of social and structural disadvantage over the lifetime—not just during the prenatal period—plays in shaping health outcomes. In response, a multidimensional framework is proposed that includes key concepts that facilitate a life-course perspective, as well as attention to the integration of biological and social factors as they relate to health and health-related behaviors. Conclusion: Efforts to promote prenatal exercise and to improve maternal and infant health should attend to how systemic inequality impacts women’s health.