Adjunctive behavior in multiple schedules of reinforcement

A recent theory of timing (Killeen & Fetterman, 1988) suggests that adjunctive behaviors may act as discriminative cues for the passage of time and that the rate of transition between those behaviors is affected by the rate of reinforcement within the experimental context. Is the rate of transition between behaviors correlated with the rate of reinforcement? What is the context in which rate of reinforcement is calibrated? If rate of transition is correlated with reinforcement frequency, does this correlation change with extended training? Four pigeons were trained on multiple fixed-time schedules of reinforcement, with one component always FT 15 sec, the other either FT 15 sec, FT 45 sec, or FT 5 sec. Behavior was coded into one of 12 categories. Response distributions in the constant component shifted when rate of reinforcement was varied in the other component and eventually shifted back toward their original location.     

Adjunctive drinking during variable and random-interval food reinforcement schedules

Rats were trained to leverpress for food and subsequently exposed to either arithmetic series or random variable-interval reinforcement schedules. Adjunctive drinking developed in all subjects exposed to arithmetic variable-interval reinforcement, but did not develop in six of the eight animals trained on the random schedule. The results suggest that adjunctive drinking is the result of an interaction between the tendency of rats to drink after eating and the ability of locally low probabilities of reinforcement within schedules to induce conditioned behavioral states.     

Self-efficacy and achievement behaviors

In this article self-efficacy research is reviewed in domains relevant to education. Research addressing cognitive skills, social skills, motor skills, and career choices has shown that self-efficacy is an important construct that helps to explain students' learning and performance of achievement-related behaviors. Research also has identified variables that are associated with educational contexts and that signal to students how well they are achieving or making progress in learning. These task-engagement variables include models/social comparative information, goal setting, attributional and performance feedback, strategy instruction, cognitive processing, and reward contingencies. A suggested future self-efficacy research agenda might include maintenance and generalization of changes in self-efficacy, the identification of additional task-engagement variables, instrument development and validation, integration of efficacy information from diverse sources, developmental influences on self-efficacy, and teachers' sense of efficacy.     

Decision-process behaviors of academic managers

Identifying decision processes which academic managers prefer was the focus of this study. Sixty-eight division chairpersons in a community college system, 10 in a 4-year college, and 29 in a university were questioned about 30 problem situations. Chairpersons usually selected consultative decision-process styles which encourage faculty participation. These consultative decision styles are protective of the quality of decision outcomes. However, faculty acceptance and commitment to decision alternatives often was a threat. Participation was not used in problem situations as a means to resolving conflicts. The Vroom-Yetton decision model was helpful in identifying strengths and weaknesses of decision behaviors of chairpersons.     

非言语行为和跨文化交际

非言语行为在跨文化交际中有着举足轻重的作用。本文通过分析非言语行为在跨文化交际中的几种表现形式,使人们认识到这些非言语形式传递的信息更能表达人们的潜在意识和情感,从而达到有效地进行跨文化交际的目的。     

Affect-congruent social-cognitive evaluations and behaviors

This study examined whether the affect children feel toward peers would influence children's social-cognitive evaluations and behaviors. The sample consisted of 209 fifth-grade children (11- to 12-year-olds; 119 boys and 90 girls). For each child, 3 target peers (liked, disliked, and neutral) were identified via a sociometric nomination procedure. The names of the targets were then inserted into hypothetical vignettes in which the target peer's behavior had a negative consequence for the child. After each vignette, questions about intent, outcome expectations, and self-efficacy beliefs were asked. In addition, self-reports regarding relationship-specific proactive and reactive aggression and regarding victimization were collected. The results demonstrate that children social-cognitively differentiate between the relationship types and that relationship-specific evaluations are associated with relationship-specific behaviors.     

Promoting prosocial behaviors through literature

Cathleen looked forward to visiting her older sister's nursery school. During the Thursday morning visit, Cathleen enthusiastically investigated blocks, sand, paints and a basket of toy trucks. As the visit drew to a close Cathleen's mother said: We've had a nice visit and now let's put away these toys, Cathleen. I'll put a truck in the basket and then you put one in. A few minutes later when the cleaning up was completed, Cathleen's mother hugged her and said, You're the best two-and-a-half-year-old helper in the world.Joan S. McMath teaches in the School of Curriculum and Instruction at Ohio University in Athens, OH.     

论教学设计对教学行为的影响

教学设计有内容武、教师活动武、师生活动武、愿景武之分,教学设计存在于教案、ppt、实物器材和教师大脑之中;每一教学行为都由教与学两部分构成,可分为讲授、驱动、调控、展示、施动、交流、思辨7大类19种;教学设计是教学行为形成的始源,是课堂上教学行为运转和发挥作用的前提,是教学行为效率的保证.通过对两节化学课教学设计和教学行为的对比分析发现,不同的教学设计对讲述行为、提问行为、实物展示等行为的影响较大,从而影响了课堂教学的效果.     

Andriod平台的恶意软件行为分析

随着针对Andriod平台的恶意软件数量的不断增加,由于恶意行为导致的安全威胁及隐私泄露的问题也越发严重。针对这些问题,对Andriod恶意软件进行静态行为分析,归纳和总结了Andriod恶意软件的行为表现和窃取隐私数据的方式,并在此基础上提出检测和防范的手段。     

Adjunctive behavior of the rat under periodic food delivery in a 24-hour environment

The behavior of 4 rats living in complex environments was monitored 24 h per day during free-feeding baseline and under conditions of periodic access to food. Under the periodic schedules, the minimum interfood interval (IFI) was increased from 16 to 512 sec in an ascending series. Periodic food produced robust overall increases in investigation of the feeder, drinking, general activity, and rearing, but not in wheel-running. The temporal distribution of behavior within the IFI was similar across subjects and supported the hypothesis that some responses were largely time-locked to the period immediately following eating, while other responses expanded to fill the interval. However, these response differences were not adequately captured by present classification schemes. Finally, the distribution of drinking following a food pellet strongly resembled the distribution of drinking following bouts of feeding in baseline. The results suggest that adjunctive behavior stems from three sources: (1) a simple increase in the number of opportunities for expression of normal preprandial and postprandial behavior, (2) an increase in the preprandial behavior directed toward the site of expected food, and (3) an increase in the postprandial distribution of both site-directed and more general exploratory behavior. These findings suggest that adjunctive behavior is not extraneous, but is an orderly distribution of responses ordinarily related to feeding and foraging for food.     

Transfer of persistence across reinforced behaviors

Rats barpressed for food on a variable-interval schedule and then received food in a runway for one of three degrees of effort. Finally, all animals again barpressed for food. Requiring five runway shuttles per food pellet produced a greater subsequent rate of barpressing than reward for each shuttle, which, in turn, yielded more barpressing than free food. A follow-up study showed the five-shuttle treatment to produce more subsequent barpressing than a control condition which omitted any runway treatment. Another experiment indicated that the higher rate of barpressing following the five-shuttle treatment was not due to greater conditioned general activity, since the five-shuttle treatment failed to increase the number of grid crossings to the cue of food presentation and produced no more unconditioned barpressing than following free food in the runway. Two possible interpretations of the results were compared: (1) The degree of accustomed effort per reinforcer becomes a generalized component of instrumental behavior, (2) high effort increases the habituation of frustration-produced disruptive responses.     

二元溶液的临界行为

配制具有临界组成的苯甲氰和正十六烷二元溶液,用折射率方法在离临界温度10.5K范围内测定了温度-折射率(T,n)共存曲线,通过Σplot软件计算指前因子B和临界指数β,结果与3D-Ising模型的理论值一致.     

民间信仰活动中妇女参与行为初探——以湘西A村为例

民间信仰在乡土社会中占据重要地位。其多种参与群体中,妇女的参与显得尤为突出。妇女的参与行为可表现在村庵修建、修庵组织内部矛盾处理、创造灵验故事和举行信仰仪式等四个方面。其参与原因也是多方面的,包括生育观念、经济生活、祛病求灵、生活休闲以及神灵的性别。妇女参与建庙活动,体现了一种自发的抗争,同时也是她们提高自身以及其家庭社会地位的途径。     

良好的开端是成功的一半--对高一后进学生行为规范培养的实践

高一年级是整个高中阶段学习成功的起点，对后进生行为规范的培养是这一起点的重要环节。自信心是规范行为的基石，爱心是教育的艺术。     

青少年上网行为的心理分析

随着网络技术的发展,网络已成为一种工具,改变着人类的学习、生活、工作方式,并为信息的发布和获得提供了便利的条件。它强烈的吸引着敢于冒险、好奇心强、追求时尚的青少年。目前青少年迷恋网络的现象日益严重并成为影响青少年健康成长的障碍,正确利用网络已经成为一个严肃的话题摆在我们面前。本文就青少年上网行为的危害、原因进行了分析,并提出了干预措施。     

青少年健康危险行为预防教育探析

健康危险行为易发生于青少年时期,青少年是健康危险行为预防的重点人群.通过了解青少年健康危险行为现状,探索青少年健康危险行为的危害性,借鉴国内外青少年健康危险行为研究经验,为有针对性地开展青少年健康危险行为预防教育提供科学的理论依据.