树木的拍摄

树木与人类息息相关,不论自觉或不自觉。人们都意识到,这个世界用于呼吸的空气,环境地球的大气,以及培植未来生物的土壤,全都依赖于树木的存在。人们应该利用摄影去表现春．夏、秋、冬四季树木的形态,表达树木的个性,抒发对大自然热爱的情感,通过摄影活动唤起人们保护自然的意识。     

基于技术引进、消化吸收的自主创新困境及消解对策

实现技术、经济的持续发展必须重视技术引进后的消化和吸收再创新.国家对于技术引进应有明确的战略目标,必须形成一套机制,有效地对国内企业实现激励、导向和制约的作用,促进企业技术引进后能够消化吸收进行自主创新.必须坚持制度创新,建立现代企业制度,使企业真正成为技术引进的主体、技术创新的主体.企业在引进技术时必须注重技术引进的先进性及本土化,技术引进后必须加大研发投入量并最终形成拥有自主知识产权的核心专利技术.     

浅谈生态建筑设计重点及重要性

如今生活在都市里的人都渴望回归自然,希望更多地与大自然接触,但住宅建筑仅有绿色还不能说其具有生态性,住宅的生态型是以绿色为基础涵盖生态环保,可持续发展等多种理念。首先就绿色本身而言,要达到国家有关标准,并具有完整的包括设计,施工,物业管理等多个环节的生命周期评价,且要和所有城市的整体环境质量相结合。其次是垃圾处理,污冰处理的就地化,实现生态最统内部有秩序的循环转换。垃圾就地处理及时,避免了在清运中的撒泄现象和因垃圾堆放而造成的污染。     

蚂蚁的"知音"——记美国生物学家爱德华·威尔逊

如果人类消失,地球上将欣欣向荣;如果蚂蚁消失,成千上万的生物将会跟着消失。20世纪初,著名的英国物理学家卢瑟福曾经骄傲地宣称:科学除了物理之外就是集邮。他的话语中显露出对科学中的博物学传统的轻蔑和不屑一顾。进入20世纪之后,各门科学的研究内容都越来越细致,从前那种"集邮"式的博物学者已经少之又少。但是,总有那么一些不合群的人,偏偏就喜欢研究那些别人不屑一顾的东西,当今的美国生物学家爱德华?威尔逊就是其中之一,他对一种小东西情有独钟。     

漫画走进警察局

警察局是一个严肃的地方,而目击证人描述犯罪分子头像的过程也是要平心静气、开不得半点玩笑的。然而,这样做真的能达到最好的效果吗?     

从北京奥运会谈我国教练员、运动员的职业道德

2008年第29届奥林匹克运动会将在我国首都北京举行,这将会对我国的体育事业产生强大的推动力.我国教练员、运动员职业道德水平的高低将直接影响举办奥运会的质量.因此,我们要加强对教练员、运动员职业道德的培养,以奥运的目标管理他们,在奥运会的赛场上展现出我们最为优秀的一面.     

浅谈如何提升学生的综合能力

现在竞争激烈的社会需要的是综合性人才,本文从如何从工作生活中学习,如何提高面试成绩,如何面对应聘失败,如何做好工作,如何做一名优秀的员工等这几个方面进行详细的阐述。     

浅析遗传病类型的特点、判断方法和相关应用

了解各种遗传病的类型,掌握AD、AR、XD、XR、MF等各种遗传病的特点,初步学会看遗传系谱图.根据各种遗传系谱图的特点,结合实际来解决现实生活中的各种遗传问题,同时可用来阐明国家提倡优生优育的原因,解释《婚姻法》规定禁止近亲结婚的理由.     

中医是一门成熟科学——晰博先生谈中医

建平:晰博先生,早在1991年,<马奎斯世界名人录>②就把您称为"医学科学教育家(诸科医学改革家)",这一称呼的含义是什么呢?晰博:20世纪中叶以来,在世界范围内所有医疗实践的功效都陷入了危机.50多年来,我的工作就是围绕着处理这一危机的方法论而开展的.在这一背景下,<马奎斯世界名人录>的编辑们认为把我称为"诸科医学改革家",或者更具诗意的"医学科学教育家"比较合适.     

与奥运作对的科技

脚蹬"拖鞋式冰鞋",身穿"鲨鱼皮泳衣",头戴"蝙蝠侠面具",最好再配上一辆最新型场地自行车……如今的奥运会,俨然成了"新式武器"大显身手的舞台。当我们为现代科学促进奥运发展而欢呼的时候,是否也要看到科技在奥林匹克运动上所展现的另一面?     

铃兰族(广义)花粉形态与叶表皮特征的研究

对铃兰族(广义)7个属分别作了花粉(17种)扫描电镜观察和叶表皮(12种)的光学显微镜和 扫描电镜观察。花粉可分为8个类型。在狭义的铃兰族的4个属内，花粉全为远极单槽，舟状。它们 的外壁除夏须草属外，都具细孔。夏须草属的花粉外壁则为细皱。  Hutchinson(1934)的蜘蛛抱蛋族 花粉形态变异很大，其中开口箭属和万年青属的花粉为远极单槽，舟形，外壁具穿孔或网纹，而蜘蛛抱 蛋属的花粉则为球状，无萌发孔。其间的显著差异支持Nakai为前两个属建立万年青族(Rohdeae)。 表1归纳了7个属的花粉形态；图1是我们对铃兰族(广义)花粉形态演化的见解。叶表皮观察表明，气 孔器为无规则型，上表皮角质层主要为条纹加厚，或均匀加厚，而铃兰属的角质层秕糠状加厚。7个属的叶表皮特征归纳于表2。     

西藏高原植物区系中特有属的研究

The Xizang (Tibetan) flora with numerous endemics is of importance in Chi- nese flora.   According to recent statistics there are in Xizang 27 genera of  spermatophytes endemic to China, being only 2.25% percent of the total number of genera in the Xizang flora. Four of them are regarded as palaeoendemics (14.81%) and the others as neoendemics (85.19%). These endemic genera, of 30 species and 3 varieties, belong to 17 families, of which, Umbelli- ferae contains 6 genera, 7 species and 3 varieties; Compositae has 6 genera and 7 species, and Gentianaceae 1 genus and 2 species.  All the other families each comprises one genus with a single species.       The cosmopolitan families together comprising 14 genera with 15 species have the highest perecentage (52.92%) and the tropical ones (5 families, 5 genera with 5 species) come to the next (29.42%), followed by the temperate ones (3 families, 10 genera with 10 species) (17.66%). It shows that these endemic genera are obviously related to the tropical flora and temperate one in essence.        According to the number of species, the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xi- zang flora may be grouped as fallows. Monotypic endemic ones 14 (51.85%) Ditypic endemic ones 6 (22.22%) Oligotypic endemic ones 4 (14.81%) Small endemic ones 3 (11.11%)        The formation of the endemic genera is correlated with the topography, climate and en- vironmental conditions, and they may have resulted from the diversification in geography and climatic influence for a long time.  The southeastern part of Xizang Plateau is of very diverse ecological conditions, with the adequate precipitation, which may explain the concentration of these endemic genera in this region.        The largest similarity coefficient (38.30%) of the genera endemic to China and occurring in Xizang is with those in Qinghai Plateau, next, with those in Yunnan and in Sichuan pro- vinces (both 27.60%), which shows that these endemic genera are related to the floras of the regions mentioned above.        The difference in the horizontal distribution of these endemic genera is obviously between the southern and northern parts of Xizang Plateau.  The vertical distribution of the genera is also rather obvious, from 800 m to 5200 m above sea level, but concentrated in the zone of 3000 m to 4500 mm.  Therefore their occurrence in Xizang is not only affected by the historical environmental conditions but also controlled by the horizontal and vertical distribution.      The origin and evolution of some endemic genera, such as Psammosilene, Parateropyrum, Sphaerotylos, Salweenia, Ajaniopsis, Xizangia, Sinoleontopodium, are discussed in this paper.      Parateropyrum, a monotypic palaeotropic endemic, belongs to the tribe Atraphaxideae in- cluding Atraphaxis, Calligonum and Pteropyrum.  It may be a comparatively advanced group in the tribe, and is closely related to the genus Pteropyrum  which is  distributed in western Asia.  The genus Parapteropyrum has possibly survived as a palaetropic-tertiary  relic in this region.      Sphaerotylos, a member of the subtribe Sphaerotylinae, the tribe Boehmerieae in the family Urticaceae, is a comparatively primitive genus in the tribe Boehmerieae so far known.  As the other subtribes, such as Boehmerinae, Sarconchlamydinae, Orecnidinae and Maoutinae, are dis- tributed in the tropics, rarely in the subtropics, the genus is no doubt a palaetropic -tertiary relic.      Sinoleontopodium, belonging to the tribe lnuleae in Compositae, is also related to the ge- nus Leontopodium.  It is probable that the genus Sinoleontopodium arised later than the other.       We come to the conclusion that the southern part of Xizang Plateau is also one of thecentres of the origin and differentiation of genera endemic to China.     

苄基异喳啉生物碱在木兰亚纲等植物类群中的分布

本文详细讨论了苄基异喹啉生物碱的生源和进化趋势，化学结构类型的分布规律，植 物来源，药理作用以及它们之间的联系性。研究表明：苄基异喹啉生物碱主要存在于较原始 的木兰亚纲植物群中，阿朴菲型、双苄基异喹啉型、原小檗碱型为普遍存在的结构类型。由于 按生源路线产生的不同结构类型在植物中呈现有规律的分布，因此苄基异喹啉生物碱可作为很好的分类学指标。     

类叶升麻具有毛茛科中最对称和最原始的核型吗?

根据以前的报道,类叶升麻 Actaea asiatica  Hara具有10条大型的中部着丝点染色体和6条较大     的近中部着丝点染色体,其核型在毛茛科中显得最为对称和原始,而类叶升麻属的其他种类具有10条     大型的中部着丝点染色体、4条较大的近中部着丝点染色体和两条没有短臂的染色体。在毛茛科中,同     一属的染色体形态通常十分相似,因此上述类叶升麻的核型分析结果十分可疑。本文重新检查子该种     的染色体。结果表明其核型与该属其他种类的核型没有明显区别。与升麻属其他4属,即 Beesia,     Anemonopsis,Souliea,Cimicifuga相比,类叶升麻及该属其他种类都具有两条没有短臂的T染色体,因     此类叶升麻属 Actaea L．的核型不对称性程度在升麻族中显得最高,其核型在该族中也可能最为进化,    这两条T染色体可以作为类叶升麻属的细胞学标志,据此可以将该属与升麻族其他4属区别开来。     

长叶榧双黄酮及其在分类上的意义

 Kayaflavone has been isolated from leaves of Torreya jackii Chun, a species endemic to China. Seven species, belonging to Taxus, Pseudotaxus, Amentotaxus as well as Torreya, in Taxaceae were examined for kayaflavone, which has been detected only in the genus Torreya. The result seems to justify the separation of the genus from the others and the establishment of the monotypic tribe, Torreyeae.       

三尖杉属的研究

The genus Cephalotaxus contains a small number of species. It is adequately appreciated as a newly discovered cancerresistant medicament for the alkaloids obtai- ned from its branches leaves and barks are of curative effect.      This paper deals with the classificatory revision based on the morphological featu- res,  with the reference to the anatomical characters of leaves,  types of alkaloids and pollen morphology observed.  Two new combinations are proposed,  and 4 species and varieties are reduced in the paper. The genus Cephalotaxus is thus suggested to consist of 2 sections and 9 species.  The trees occur in East Asia and the north of Indo-China, with 88% found in China where is the distribution centre and refuge of the genus. The genus in discussion is of unique morphological features which are distinctly dif- ferent from these of Amentotaxus,  Cephalotaxaceae,  containing a single genus of Ce- phalotaxus,  is closely related to Taxaceae,  and therefore the Cephalotaxaceae is best placed in the Taxinieae of Coniferales.     

中国菊科菊苣族一些属的分类研究

 The Present paper is a preliminary result of study on three genera, Dubyaea, Syncalathium and Soroseris of the tribe Lactuceae (Compositae) in China. The genus Dubyaea in China so far known consists of 14 species,  of which six are described here as new:  D. pteroponda Shih,  D.  lanceolate Shih,  D. muliensis Shih, D. panduriformis Shih, D. cymiformis Shih and D. jinyangensis Shih. In addition, one new combination, i.e.D. bhotanica (Hutch.) Shih, is made.      There are six species in the genus Syncalathium in Chinese flora, of which one species is described here as new. This is S. orbiculariforme Shih. A new combina- tion, S. pilosum (Hand.-Mazz.) Shih, is made in the paper.      The genus Soroseris comprises nine species, of which three are described here as new, S. teres Shih, S. chrysocephala Shih and S. qinghaiensis Shih. Three new combinations, i.e.S. trichocarpa (Franch.) Shih, S. hirsuta (Anth.) Shih, and S.erysimoides (Hand.-Mazz.) Shih are made in the present paper.     

菊科的新属及未详知属二、葶菊属及毛冠菊属

 The present paper is an attempt to throw some light on two Composite genera, Cavea W. W. Smith et Small and Nannoglottis Maxim., of which the generic  features and the systematic position were heretofore rather badly known.       Cavea, a monotypic genus based upon Saussurea salwinensis Drumm., was described by W. W. Smith and Small as monocious.  From the ample material now in our com- mand, it is found that the genus is either monocious and dioecious, the capitula in the latter case being homogamous.  The individuals exclusively provided with sterile flowers are usually smaller in size, sometimes even stemless.   Such  repartition  of  sexes  was known in the subtribe Plucheinae (tribe Inuleae), to which W. W. Smith and Small were correct to ascribe their genus.       Nannoglottis was considered by Maximovicz as un abnormal  genus  of  the  tribe Inuleae, having heterogamous capitula with one series of peripheric fertile ligulate pistil- late flowers.  Having examined the type specimen of N. carpesioices Maxim. and the ex- tensive collection from Kansu and Tsinghai, we incline to say that the genetic characters as discerned by Maximovicz are doubtlessly due  to  his  inaccurate  observation.   The flowers of Nannoglottis are in fact trimorphous, of which the  pistillate ones  are  2-3- seriate, the outer being shortly ligulate and the inner, short-tubulate with truncate apex. Handel-Mazzetti, much later, indicated that, in another species, the pistillate flowers are 2-3-seriate, but no mention was made about the inner tubulate pistillate flowers.       Franchet, appearing to be unware of Maximovicz's genus, founded his Stereosanthus Franch. and considered it as a genus intermediate between the tribes Inuleae and Sene- cioneae.  The genus was misinterpreted by Franchet as having dimorphous flowers, the pistillate ones being all ligulate.  Curious enough, one of the major generic features, viz., the presence of inner tubulate pistillate flowers, was neglected by all early botanists and was first recognized by Handel-Mazzetti fourty years later.       However, Handel-Mazzetti was still unacquainted with the characters of Nannoglot- tis and proposed therefore his new genus Vierhapperia Hand.-Mzt. on the reason that the flowers are trimorphous.  Moreover, he compared his genus with Conyza L. and Erigeron L. of the tribe Astereae, but the characters marked by him appear not to be different from those of Nannoglottis.       From the above morphological comparaison, it is evident that Nannoglottis and two other genera in question possess in common important characters in the general appea- rance, the flower-forms and the structure of achenes and pappus.  The differences in the disposition of involucral bracts and the length of ligules are criteria good for separating species, but can hardly be regarded as sufficient  for  generic  delimitation.   Moreover, these three genera are almost similar in their geographical distribution.  These points are adequate to warrant that Stereosanthus and Vierhapperia are in reality congeneric with Nannoglottis.      Nannoglottis appears to have been correctly placed by Hoffmann  in  the subtribe Senecioninae (tribe Senecioneae) though in that subtribe it finds no close relatives.  On account of the outstanding characters of the genus, a further study of its systematic posi- tion is required.      The present paper is brought to close by a tentative scheme of classification of the genus so amplified, of which two sections, namely, sect. Stenolepis Ling et Y. L. Chen (Stereosanthus Franch., p. p. min.) and sect. Nannoglottis  (Stereosanthus  Franch., p. p.maxim.; Vierhapperia Hand.-Mzt.), altogether including 9 species, are being proposed.     

横断山地区兰科植物区系的研究

兰科在横断山地区是维管束植物中的大科之一，共有91属，363种及9变种。 4属为我国特有属，其中1属为本地区所特有；155种及9变种为我国特有种。  其中69种及5变种为本地区所 特有。本文对属、种进行了分析，并对全部种的分布格局作了详细的介绍，概述了本地区兰科植物的区系组成及特点。本文从兰科植物属、种的分布提出了四川峨眉山是东亚植物区中划分中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区和中国-日本植物亚区的分界线上的一个重要的点的看法。     

黑龙江晚白垩世植物区系及东亚、北美区系的关系(续)

The present paper deals with a collection of plant fossils from the Wu- yun Group of Heilongjiang Province.  These fossils belong to 28 families, 39 genera and 53 species.  The flora is composed of 7 species of pteridophytes, 8 of conifers and 37 of angiosperms.  All have been fully described, of which ten are new species.      Most elements of this flora are subtropic or warm-temperate, with only a few of them are temperate ones.  The flora consists of conifers and broad-leaved trees adapted to humid warm-temperate or subtropic climate.        With the physiognomy of leaves, 40 per cent of them are of entire margin, and most are medium-sized, with some megaphyllous. The nervation is mostly palmate.  These characters indicate that the climate was warm-temperate or subtropic.      Among 35 genera known from the Late Cretaceous of East Asia, 27 are also found in North America, which indicates that the floristic relationship between East Asia and North Americal was closer  at that time than it is now. Therefore the number of genera in common has been decreasing through the age, because these two regions have been detached from each other since the late Eocene, as a result of continental drift. Only some relic forms left on both sides, and only 4.1% of genera are common to both continents.  After the early Tertiary the floras of East Asia and North America have been developing independently.       The Chinese flora of the Late Cretaceous may be divided into three Zones from the north to the south: (1) warm temperate-subtropic zone, rich in Metasequoia, Ginkgo, Trochodendroides, Platanus, Trochodendron, Protophyllum, Ampelopsis Pterospermites and Menispermites; (2) subtropic or dry subtropic transitional zone; and (3) subtropic- tropic zone, rich in Brachyphyllum, Cinnamomum, Nectandra and Palms.       The Wuyun flora is considered closely related to the Chajiayang Group and Sikhote- Alin flora of USSR, with 15 genera in common and also related to the Kuji flora of Japan (Cenonian), with 11 genera in common.  It is interesting to note that 11 genera are also found in North America (Canada and Alaska) of the Late Cretaceous.  The pa- lynological assemblage of the Wuyun flora is closely related to Minshui flora of the So- uliao Basin, 15 genera being common to the both.  Seventy per cent of megafossils of the Wuyun flora have become extinct, which seems to show that the age of the flora is older than Paleocene and is assigned to the Latest Late Crataceous (Maestrichtian-Dani-an).