On physico-chemical states of equilibrium

This paper considers the fundamental assumptions involved in thermodynamic theory concerning states of physico-chemical equilibrium, and considers the possibility of enlarging the assemblage of states by including states outside those of the range of the mass-action law, and also states of supersaturation. Catalysis is introduced as a new factor, and it is found that this makes it possible to enlarge the scope of thermodynamics. This thought is developed and it is shown that a single gaseous phase is thermodynamically analogous to a liquid-vapor system. Clapeyron-Clausius equation is generalized to apply to reactions in the gaseous phase, and it is shown that Van't Hoff's reaction isochore is a special case of the former equation.It is shown how this theory can explain in a simple manner, endothermic and exothermic reactions, and the critical point.     

电子商务的法律特殊平衡

由于电子商务的迅速发展产生了一系列新的社会关系,而传统的法律对这种新兴利益的调整具有滞后性。试图以域名纠纷与隐私权为全我对此进行探讨并提出立法建议。     

Dressed stationary states in quantum electrodynamics

Schrödinger's equation is solved to first-order accuracy in the charge for approximate vacuum, one-electron, and one-photon dressed stationary states.     

浅述在西藏装裱用糊

书画装裱用糊，应根据不同环境，不同气候而因地制宜。裱件质量优劣的关键在于浆糊使用适当与否。因此，我们要细心观察，反复实验，要善于制糊、养糊和调糊，更要善于用糊。     

旅游服务供应链信任均衡研究

旅游服务供应链中的业务关系是基于彼此间的信任而形成的,建立良好的信任氛围对于提升旅游服务供应链的绩效具有重要作用。在总结分析供应链信任研究相关文献的基础上,对传统信任度的取值进行拓展,研究了不同信任氛围下信任的传递机制及均衡。得出结论认为：供应链信任均衡不仅受信任氛围的影响,还与初始的信任状态密切相关;信任氛围对供应链信任起着保健因素的作用;供应链信任均衡的稳定性主要受关键关系的影响。并据此从信任氛围的角度给出了我国发展旅游供应链的相关政策建议。     

Easily cracked: scientific instruments in states of disrepair

There has been much scholarly attention to definitions of the term "scientific instrument." Rather more mundane work by makers, curators, and users is devoted to instruments' maintenance and repair. A familiar argument holds that when a tool breaks, its character and recalcitrance become evident. Much can be gained from historical study of instruments' breakages, defects, and recuperation. Maintenance and repair technologies have been a vital aspect of relations between makers and other users. Their history illuminates systems of instruction, support, and abuse. These systems were, for example, evident in the development of astronomical instruments around 1800 within and beyond the European sphere. Episodes from that milieu are used to explore how instrument users sought autonomy, how instruments' mutable character was defined, and how judgments of instruments' failure or success were ever secured.