论历史研究中历史学家的主体参与

历史研究离不开历史学家的主体参与。历史学家是历史研究的主体 ,历史研究是由历史学家完成的。历史学家的主体参与是历史研究得以进行的前提条件。所谓“历史学家的主体参与” ,就是指历史学家的思想感情、道德规范、文化背景、知识结构等主观因素在历史研究中的介入、发挥和升华 ,也包括历史学家的人品、学风等。大致说来 ,历史学家的主体参与包括以下三个层次 :1.历史学家对历史资料的搜集、鉴定和选择 ;2 .历史学家对历史事件的分析 ,即对历史的解释 ;3 .历史学家对历史进程的认识 ,即历史观。     

试析安克斯密特的叙述实体理论

叙述实体寓于整体的叙述文本之中,它通过隐喻的意义赋予一组陈述句子以融贯性。叙述实体是历史学家就如何看待特定历史的＂建议＂,是历史学家所建议的看待历史的最佳＂视角＂。不同的历史学家对于同一段历史会给出不同的＂建议＂,因此叙述实体具有竞争性,通过审美标准可以从中评价出最优者,以此获得历史真理。     

客观非中立:托马斯·哈斯科的历史学客观性理论研究

哈斯科反对把客观性与价值中立等同起来,提出"客观非中立"的观点,认为客观性其实就是一种冷静、公正与诚实的研究态度.但是由于其实在论的立场,他依然把历史学家个人的主观因素与客观性对立起来,要求历史学家悬置、超脱自己的立场.我们应该抛弃哈斯科的实在论立场,采取更加合理的中问立场,这样客观性就并不要求历史学家悬置、超脱其自身的价值偏好,而仅仅要求其偏好要公正地对待所有相关的历史事实,从而在历史学家个人的主观因素与历史事实之间保持一种合理的关系.     

历史事实的修辞建构(上)

本文从历史亲历者表述中的历史事实和历史学家研究程序中的历史事实两个方面讨论历史叙述现象,指出历史事实是一种修辞建构.对于前一方面,文章从事实的认知建构出发,论述了事实必须在语言表述中完成,是修辞最后建构了它;对于后一方面,文章将历史学家的研究和叙述活动作为一个修辞过程来进行考察,最后出现在历史学家笔下的历史事实是更高层次上的修辞建构.     

历史认识有客观性吗--《历史三调》之解读

柯的《历史三调》认为历史研究难以尽善尽美，经历、事件、神话这三种认识历史的途径在各自的领域内都有很大的合理性和价值，表现出作对历史认识客观性的怀疑。尽管如此，历史学在本质上有科学的成分，历史认识具有不“严格”的、独特的客观性。如果历史学家具有必备的知识储备，就可以实现历史叙述和解释的客观性；同样。历史学家如果能站在人类整体的高度，充分发挥其积极的价值评价作用，历史评价同样也可能实现客观性。     

历史叙述与历史意义的统一--评希罗多德的《历史》

古希腊著名的历史学家希罗多德所撰写的《历史》,为后世西方史学奠定了历史叙述体的编纂体 例、道德、政治垂训的历史意义、社会文化史的史学范型、求真的史学批判精神和总体世界史观等诸多史学"范式", 其中,历史叙述与道德、政治垂训的历史意义在《历史》中达到完美统一和高度结合,对今天的历史研究仍具有十分 重要的意义和借鉴价值。     

历史教学应注重诠释方法的价值

<正>伽达默尔说:"凡是文本的意义不能直接被理解的地方,我们就必须进行解释。凡是我们不想信任某个现象直接表现的东西的地方,我们就必须进行解释……历史学家之所以解释过去的遗留材料,是为了发现其中被表现并同时被隐蔽的真正意义。"1正是如此,"历史学的基础就是诠释学"。2尼采曾说"没有事实,只有解释"。3现代美国历史学家里德认为,"历史学家的社会责任在于为当前而解释过去"。4所以,诠释之于历史教育是不可或缺的,     

一位“局内人”视阈下的年鉴学派——评安德烈·布吉耶尔《年鉴学派:一部思想史》

法国年鉴学派历史学家安德烈·布吉耶尔所撰《年鉴学派:一部思想史》一书是一部"局内人"视阈下对年鉴学派的系统研究论著。该书在结构框架、内容叙述和理论分析上颇为独到,体现了作者鲜明的学术个性和深刻的理论反思,对我们理解20世纪的法国乃至西方历史思想与书写大有裨益。     

培育“历史解释”素养的路径选择

<正>历史是"历史学家与历史事实之间连续不断的、互为作用的过程,就是现在与过去之间永无休止的对话"。(1)历史学家要从遥远的过去获取信息,并形成正确的历史认识,需要突破历史时空和文化的阻隔,神入到过去的世界中,通过对史料的搜集、整理和辨析,辩证、客观地理解历史事物,了解前人及其生活,对前人抱有"了解之同情",以期对过去作出公正而贴切的解释。作为高中历史学科核心素养之一的历史解释,是指以史料为依据,以历史理解为基础,对历史事物     

试论希罗多德与历史编纂学

古希腊历史学家希罗多德及其所著的《历史》,开创了以历史事件为中心、系统而生动地记述历史过程的历史叙述体裁,奠定了西方历史编纂学的基础。不仅如此,希罗多德具有广阔的历史视野,能够比较客观公正地叙述各民族的历史,并且重视历史考证和史料真伪的辨别,注意将历史的真实性与艺术性结合起来。尽管其开创的历史叙述体载和史学方法也有不完善之处,但其在史学领域所取得的开创性成就是不可抹煞的     

开放式公共实验室管理的探讨

介绍了进行开放式公共实验室管理的尝试和体会。按照实验室的功能进行布局，根据教学和科研的特点，采取多种形式的管理模式，努力发挥多学科共处的优势，营造活跃的学术氛围，并注意筹集维护经费，以便保持仪器的完好率。实验教学中以实验技能训练为核心，进行实验内容的设置和规划，实现学生参与实验的全过程，提出今后进行实验教学改革的构想。     

宋代的"结买"与"结籴"

结买、结籴是市易务官吏或由市易务招募商人,承办政府上供采买和购置沿边军粮的制度.其原则是政府预支本钱给承办人,预支数额要比原来政府采购的成本低.承办人以房、田契书和金银作抵押,并向主管部门立下保证文状,不能按时完成承办额要受处罚,赢亏自负.结买、结籴本钱的性质是预支款而非贷款,不必按市易赊贷法支付利息.由于结买上供预支本钱少,未能推广,结籴军粮虽可赢利,但多被市易务官吏及其关系户承办,存在经营不善、挪用结籴款等弊端,半途而废.     

《高等职业院校人才培养工作评估方案》导读

按照<教育部关于印发<高等职业院校人才培养工作评估方案>的通知>(教高[2008]5号)文件的部署,组织、实施高等职业院校人才培养工作评估,需要认真研读<高等职业院校人才培养工作评估方案>.准确把握<方案>的关键在于,深入了解<方案>制订的背景,深刻领会<方案>制订的指导思想,全面理解<方案>的设计思路,充分认识<方案>的主要特点.     

So what do managers say about classroom management?

The context of this article was that, after researching issues of classroom management for a number of years, I was asked by managers at different institutions to speak to their staff about strategies for helping to counteract the problems tutors faced in many classes on a day-to-day basis. The question that emerged was how might managers in the lifelong learning sector support tutors in dealing with these stressful situations. The methodology of this inquiry was to offer qualitative practitioner research which would suggest some recommendations to improve practice on how managers might support teachers in these circumstances. The research methods would aim to determine managers’ perspectives, using a survey to identify a sample of their views. This would lead to two focus groups with managers, opening up a more exploratory discussion, followed by an in-depth interview with an experienced, particularly supportive manager, working with challenging classes. The purpose of this interview was to review a range of strategies that might be used to help managers support staff and students create more effective learning environments. The next stage was to subject managers’ suggestions to the views of teachers. The findings from this research showed there were widespread problems in many classes where this research took place. Managers offered a range of localised and wider strategies for supporting teachers in these challenging situations. Offering whole institution approaches, training on interventions and opening spaces for tutors and managers to explore these issues in a blame-free environment were some of the recommendations. The tutors surveyed welcomed these suggestions.     

Negotiating Academic Genres in a Multi‐disciplinary Context

The literature on higher education acknowledges the importance of context to the effective completion of research by postgraduate students but overlooks to study the importance of this factor for academics in higher education. The research reported here explores the extent to which academics in higher education sense that their research engages them in a collective effort, as against individualistic effort and the extent to which, in the latter case, they feel isolated. It also explores the extent to which their sense of teamwork or isolation is perceived as impacting on their abilities to perform effectively. The study reports on interviews with fifteen academics in a higher education institution (HEI) in the UK and reveals the widespread sense that, for the most part, research is not conducted in a teamwork setting, leading to feelings of isolation. The paper reveals the extent to which isolation is perceived as impacting negatively on the conduct of knowledge management and suggests that the kind of issues impacting on students appear to pertain also to academics. The article explores ways of overcoming these problems as well as future avenues for research.     

Engineering students’ sustainability approaches

Sustainability issues are increasingly important in engineering work all over the world. This article explores systematic differences in self-assessed competencies, interests, importance, engagement and practices of newly enrolled engineering students in Denmark in relation to environmental and non-environmental sustainability issues. The empirical base of the article is a nation-wide, web-based survey sent to all newly enrolled engineering students in Denmark commencing their education in the fall term 2010. The response rate was 46%. The survey focused on a variety of different aspects of what can be conceived as sustainability. By means of cluster analysis, three engineering student approaches to sustainability are identified and described. The article provides knowledge on the different prerequisites of engineering students in relation to the role of sustainability in engineering. This information is important input to educators trying to target new engineering students and contribute to the provision of engineers equipped to meet sustainability challenges.     

An examination of perceptions of parental influence on attitudes to language learning

Background The assumption that parents have some effect on their children's attitudes to learning is one that few educationalists would challenge. The ways in which this influence is brought to bear are a slightly more complex and contentious matter, however.

Purpose The paper uses data from a tri-national PhD study on pupil attitudes to examine perceptions of the ways in which parents influence children's orientations towards foreign language learning (FLL). The comparative element is useful in providing a contrasting range of settings in which to examine the issue. The paper thus aims to provide some indication of the similarity and importance of particular influences by identifying features that seem significant, irrespective of setting.

Sample A total of 411 learners of French, German and English (as foreign languages), represented in roughly equal numbers from across the ability range, took part in the survey. The pupils, aged 15 – 16, were drawn from two centrally located mixed comprehensive schools in each country—England, Germany and The Netherlands. The schools were similar in terms of size, social intake and their semi-urban location. Care was taken to ensure as close a gender balance as possible.

Design and methods The study was designed as a qualitative survey and involved three data collection instruments. The first stage of data was collected using a written word association prompt distributed to the whole sample. The second stage involved around half the pupils generating written accounts of their attitudes and the factors they perceived to be influential. A total of 80 pupils took part in the final stage, consisting of 14 focus group interviews. A system of open coding was applied to all the data to support the process of inductive category building used in their analysis.

Results The findings offer some evidence for an association between parental and pupil attitudes. Parental influence appears to operate in a number of ways, ranging from the role model potential of positive/negative behaviours and the communication of educational regrets, to the ways in which parents help to construct their children's understandings of language importance and status. The extent of parental language knowledge appears to be an important additional factor.

Conclusions The evidence suggests that the ways in which parents contribute to the construction of their children's understanding of language utility are particularly important, and that this may be a key factor in the more positive attitudes demonstrated by the German pupils and the more negative orientations among the English participants.     

香港高校人事管理特点及其对内地高校的启示

新世纪以来,香港高校的发展取得了亚洲和全世界都瞩目的成就。香港的大学管理尤其是高校人事管理为香港高校的发展提供了很好的制度保障。其特点是管理制度职责明晰、程序透明、制度完善、管理与服务并重。香港高校高效的人事管理可为内地高校提供有益的借鉴。     

Early educational provision – emphasised in education policy reforms in Norway? An analysis of education policy documents

The article analyses how the intentions of early provision in Norwegian schools have been expressed in the education policy reforms in Norway from the 1970s to the present day. The first area deals with the intentions that most explicitly cover early provision; prevention, early detection and intervention. The second area of analysis relates to the early provision intentions with an emphasis on the correlation between individual and environmental factors seen in light of differentiation and disability. The third area examines how significance is attached to pupils’ social background with regard to early provision in learning in schools. Finally, consideration is given to the relationship between early provision intentions and efforts to prevent pupils dropping out of upper secondary education. The analysis also shows that the policy guidelines on early provision for schools and teachers have been weak and unclear. This is due to the fact that the early provision intentions have primarily been expressed in reports to the Storting, and rarely given any kind of focus in national curricula.