论语文学习的认知图式

教学的关键不是教细节,而是引导学生建构认知图式。认知图式是记忆中表征知识各个要素相互联系、相互作用形成的具有一定心理结构的网络,具有整体性、一般性、主动性、层次性等特点。语文学习的认知图式一般包括内容图式、形式图式、语言图式。引导学生建构语文学习的认知图式,要重视以认知图式为指向的教材开发,突出整体感知的学习方法,坚持以学生积极实践为语文学习主线的基本路径。     

意象图式理论对英语一词多义现象的解释作用

意象图式为人类身体经验中持续并重复发生且相对简单的结构,作为认知语言学中身体经验和概念结构的重要表现形式,意象图式为概念提供连贯性和秩序性,体现了抽象思维具体到抽象投射的隐喻推理能力,通过隐喻手段在空间域之中或从空间域到抽象域进行投射,从而使词汇意义得以在空间范畴内部或空间范畴到抽象范畴进行扩展。多义化过程中,图式内部观察者角度不同或注意力不同产生意象图式的变型,而始源意象图式为变型提供内部结构和关系,是一词多义现象的认知心理基础。     

习语变体的认知诠释及再认识

对语言认知的研究包括两个方面:一是语言概念形成中的认知,这涉及基本范畴与认知图式,意象与隐喻认知模式等;二是语言使用和理解的认知过程,即人怎样运用语言结构实现其交际功能,这涉及语义结构中的突显与选择,以此说明语言是认知发展的产物.文章拟通过对习语变体的探讨,重新划分习语变体种类,并说明认知和经验对语言结构和意义的决定作用.     

大学英语分级教学背景下内容图式和语言图式的对比研究——以黄山学院2O11级非英语专业学生为例

内容图式和语言图式是完成话语理解最基本的两种图式,但是它们对理解过程的作用却不相同。实验证明,在大学英语分级教学中,对语言水平较强的大学英语A级学生而言。他们已经具备一定的相关语言图式来完成对话语材料本身的解析,所以内容图式的激活更有助于其对听力材料的理解：而对于语言水平相对略弱的B级学生而言,语言图式的率先激活可以使他们能够从话语材料本身获取基本信息点．来完成对内容图式框架的搭建或填补空档,从而更有助于对听力材料的理解。因此。在大学英语分级教学中。应根据学生语言水平的不同来进行不同类别的图式激活。     

大学英语分级教学背景下内容图式和语言图式的对比研究——以黄山学院2011级非英语专业学生为例

内容图式和语言图式是完成话语理解最基本的两种图式,但是它们对理解过程的作用却不相同.实验证明,在大学英语分级教学中,对语言水平较强的大学英语A级学生而言,他们已经具备—定的相关语言图式来完成对话语材料本身的解析,所以内容图式的激活更有助于其对听力材料的理解;而对于语言水平相对略弱的B级学生而言,语言图式的率先激活可以使他们能够从话语材料本身获取基本信息点,来完成对内容图式框架的搭建或填补空档,从而更有助于对听力材料的理解.因此,在大学英语分级教学中,应根据学生语言水平的不同来进行不同类别的图式激活.     

图式理论对大学英语听说教学的启示

听力理解过程不是一种简单的语言信息解码过程,而是一种解码过程与意义重构的有机结合。只有当已有的图式与新听到的信息之间相互作用、相互匹配,才能完成信息处理的系列过程,才能实现对听力材料的成功理解。同样,口语表达的过程也受到图式的制约,只有大脑中存有与话题相关的内容图式和语言图式时,才能准确、流利地进行口语交流。为此,在英语教学中教师应该指导学生建立厚实的语言图式,帮助学生建立丰富的内容图式,激活学生记忆中已有的图式,并向学生传授科学的认知策略,以达到提高大学英语听说教学质量的目的。     

试论现象学与当代心灵哲学的融合

现象学与心灵哲学的融合,不仅体现在对共同问题的关注,也体现为不同思想传统对核心概念的重新解读。当代心灵哲学对“现象学”概念的理解呈现出三个特点：一是从对胡塞尔“现象学”演变分析着手,侧重于对意识的经验维度的分析,并引入第一人称和意向性概念;二是在分析经验的主观特性时,对“现象学”概念的内涵和外延予以修正,使之区别于相关概念;三是以经验维度的分析为依据,分别从意识和意向性出发,拓展出现象意识和现象意向性。这三个特点通过展现“现象学”概念的引入、修正和拓展,集中反映了当代心灵哲学与现象学融合的认知取向。     

从图式理论视角谈商务英语翻译

近几年来,图式理论被越来越多的学者应用于翻译领域。商务英语是我国涉外经济活动中的主要交际语言,它是专门用途英语的一种。商务英语的翻译在经济活动中的作用越来越重要。从图式理论的四种表现形式,即语言图式、语境图式、内容图式和文化图式来解释商务英语翻译的过程,并提出译者只有充分激发大脑中的各种相关图式,发挥其认知能力,才能使商务英语翻译形神兼备。     

图式理论在商务语篇阅读教学中的应用——以商务英语阅读教学为例

图式理论是认知心理学的重要组成部分.图式理论认为,人们在认识和处理新事物时,总是以图式为认知基础,然后再在自己的头脑中构建起新的图式并据此达到自己认知结构的变化的.将图式理论应用于对商务语篇的阅读教学,可以采用语言图式、内容图式和形式图式三种教学模式.     

图式视角下航海英语听力教学实践初探

听力理解过程是一个复杂的认知过程。教师不仅应帮助学生激活并建立相关的语言图式、内容图式和形式图式,更应运用“自上而下”和“自下而上”的认知策略进行预测和推理,以提高航海英语听力技能。     

个体CPFS结构与概念构图能力的相关性研究

CPFS结构是数学学习特有的认知结构.概念构图是测查个体认知结构的一种直接、有效的方法.个体的CPFS结构与其概念构图能力之间存在较为密切的联系.具备优良CPFS结构的学生,同时具备较强的概念构图能力,而具备较强概念构图能力的学生,可能具备优良的CPFS结构.CPFS结构与概念构图能力的不同水平中,一方的低水平与中、高两水平的区别对另一方水平影响显著,但中、高两水平的区别对另一方水平无明显的影响.     

An Investigation of Concept Mapping to Improve the Reading Comprehension of Science Texts

This study investigated how well 74 6th-grade science students represented text structures from a 900-word textbook chapter on soil conservation, given a concept map template with four superordinate terms and 24 unsorted concepts. Findings suggest students were more successful at classifying pre-selected terms under given superordinate categories than they were at fully identifying relevant concept sets and articulating three different relationship types between terms. No significant differences were noted in the mapping performance of students at different reading levels. About two-third of students indicated they enjoyed concept mapping and would prefer to both read and map rather than just read without mapping. Students also expressed a strong preference for mapping in pairs or small groups compared to mapping alone. Multiple recommendations are provided for improving the relational thinking of students tasked with concept mapping expository science texts, including bridging to more open-ended maps, embedding mapping in longer-term inquiry projects, and leveraging collaborative and tool-based scaffolds.     

Concept mapping and the cartography of cognition

Since concept maps are designed to find out what the learner knows about a subject and are, in effect, maps of cognition, this article synthesizes relevant facts, concepts, and principles from cartography and applies them to concept mapping. The metaphor of the map and its applicability for representing scientific knowledge are discussed. The context of concept mapping is presented and suggestions for successful application of the technique in the science classroom are offered. Finally, researchers are invited to conduct studies that investigate the graphic representation of scientific knowledge in order to create, evaluate, and improve the graphics and graphic metacognitive tools (such as concept mapping) which are used in science teaching.     

运用概念图优化学习系统

随着概念图在教学中的不断应用，它对学习系统的影响也越来越明显。本文首先就传统学习系统进行阐述，再从学习者、知识和传授者三方面分析概念图的引进对学习系统产生的影响，最后给出学习系统的新图景。     

The internal consistency of a concept mapping scoring scheme and its effect on prediction validity

This study examines the internal consistency of Novak and Gowin's scoring scheme and its effect on the prediction validity of concept mapping as an alternative science classroom achievement assessment. Data were collected in three typical situations: very limited concept mapping experience with free‐style concept mapping; some concept mapping experience with questions provided; extensive concept mapping experience with a list of concepts provided for. It was found that Novak's scoring scheme was not internally consistent, and therefore there was generally no significant correlation between students’ scores on concept mapping and students’ scores on conventional classroom achievement assessments. The need for a new scoring scheme when concept mapping is used as an alternative science assessment is discussed.     

Collaborative learning tasks and the elaboration of conceptual knowledge

In this article we present the results of an experimental study of the influence of task characteristics on the characteristics of elaboration of conceptual knowledge in social interaction. With a pre-test and post-test we measured individual learning outcomes. We constructed a coding scheme that focuses on the communicative functions and propositional content of utterances and on elaborative episodes. The subjects were 40 students who worked in dyads on a collaborative task about electricity in one of four conditions. We compared a concept mapping task with a poster task and investigated the effect of a phase of individual preparation. The post-test scores were significantly higher than the pre-test scores. Individual preparation created better learning results and the asking of more questions. The concept mapping conditions showed more discussion of electricity concepts, collaboratively elaborated conflicts and reasoning, but no higher individual learning outcomes. In the concept mapping conditions, elaboration was related to individual learning outcomes.     

Using a concept mapping strategy to improve the motivation of EFL students in Google Hangouts Peer-Tutoring Sessions with native speakers

This study examines four elements of learner motivation, attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction, in an EFL speaking course that uses the computer mediated communication (CMC) tool Google Hangouts. The study found that a preparatory concept mapping task before the CMC sessions improved students’ perceived attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. However, follow-up reflective worksheets had no effect on perceived attention, relevance, confidence, or satisfaction. Instructors should use concept mapping in a pre-task to support learners engaged in CMC-based speaking activities with native and non-native speakers. When the students used concept mapping to prepare for the CMC-based speaking activities, they exhibited higher confidence in their oral practice activities with a native speaker.     

Concept map assessment of classroom learning: Reliability,validity, and logistical practicality

The psychometric characteristics and practicality of concept mapping as a technique for classroom assessment were evaluated. Subjects received 90 min of training in concept mapping techniques and were given a list of terms and asked to produce a concept map. The list of terms was from a course in which they were enrolled. The maps were scored by pairs of graduate students, each pair using one of six different scoring methods. The score reliability of the six scoring methods ranged from r = .23 to r = .76. The highest score reliability was found for the method based on the evaluation of separate propositions represented. Correlations of map scores with a measure of the concept maps' similarity to a master map provided evidence supporting the validity of five of the six scoring methods. The times required to provide training in concept mapping, produce concepts, and score concept maps were compatible with the adoption of concept mapping as classroom assessment technique. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 475–492, 1999     

凸模糊映射次微分的性质

引入模糊数空间中凸模糊映射和模糊数导概念,定义了凸模糊映射循环单调映射的概念,找到并证明了多个凸模糊映射次微分的性质。