幼儿职业角色体验式学习:意义、问题与策略——基于情境学习理论视角

幼儿职业角色体验是幼儿参与社会实践的有效途径,能让幼儿获得高度真实的情境学习体验,促进幼儿多方面的能力发展。但在实践活动中存在幼儿的参与性不强、教师的指导欠佳、体验场馆的情境创设不足等问题。情境学习理论的核心思想为幼儿职业体验式学习提供了坚实的理论支撑。基于情境学习理论,本文从创建幼儿学习共同体、增强教师指导策略和创建真实的场馆体验几方面提出了策略建议。     

例谈幼儿绘本阅读中的情境创设

<正>大班孩子非常喜欢读绘本,而绘本阅读中的情境创设,能让幼儿在宽松的情境中,融入绘本。教师结合文本和幼儿的心理特征,适时、适量地为幼儿创造各种情境,通过教师生动的语言、直观形象的角色扮演等手段,激发他们的阅读兴趣与探知欲望,让幼儿在体悟中感受阅读的妙趣横生。幼儿绘本阅读活动中的情境创设,是幼儿学习兴趣的不竭动力。教师根据幼儿的年龄特点、知识经验、能力水平、认知规律等因素,抓住学习思维活动的热点和焦点,通过各种途径,创设与教育有关的使幼儿感到真实、新奇、有趣的教育情境,营造轻松和谐的对话氛围,激发幼儿的学习兴趣,引发幼儿的情感体验,要尽可能地发挥他们的想象,并用语言将这种想     

运用情境式教学,让幼儿数学活动更高效

数学活动是幼儿学习数字、图形的基本活动方式,而活动情境的创设,对于幼儿理解数学知识的质量中具有积极的作用,为此,在当前幼儿数学活动中,教师可以利用问题、游戏、生活元素,以及现代教育资源,促进游戏情境、疑问情境、生活情境,以及直观情境的创设,以便让幼儿数学活动更高效。     

幼儿园区角活动指导策略

幼儿园区角活动是教师利用游戏特征创设的一种情境,让幼儿在活动中进行自主选择、操作和学习,通过活动表达自己的感受,从而增长知识,积累经验,是幼儿开展学习的有效形式。教师在开展区角活动的时候,应该了解幼儿的想法,投放难易不同的活动材料,正确处理幼儿学习与教师指导的关系。     

如何为幼儿创设有效教学情境

创设教学情境是指教师有意利用环境、情感、艺术等因素来调动幼儿无意识的心理活动,以协调有意识的心理活动,最大限度地挖掘孩子的生理和心理潜能,使孩子积极主动地投入到活动中去,从而有效地实现活动目的。为幼儿创设有效的教学情境不但可以激发幼儿参加活动的主动性和积极性,同时可以丰富和拓展幼儿的生活经验,为保证活动目标的实现奠定一定的基础。在幼儿园的教育教学中,具有连贯性的、符合幼儿年龄特点的、借助多媒体的形式多样的教学情境能极大地激发幼儿的学习兴趣,促使幼儿主动地探索和学习,促进幼儿身心和谐发展。     

浅议幼儿园科学活动中的情境创设

幼儿园的教学情境是教师为教学活动有目的设计或设置的能引起幼儿的积极情绪体验,使幼儿能“置身其中”的具体而生动的场景。其重要特点是直观、形象,它与传统意义上的直观教学有着本质的区别。它为幼儿提供一个能“置身其中”进行学习活动的“场景”或“背景”：它关注幼儿的情绪体验,关注幼儿的学习经验,关注他们与教师、同伴、学习资源的互动等。在教学情景中,幼儿不再仅仅是一个观察者、模仿者和被动的接受者,更是一个主动的探索者、发现者以及和同伴、教师、学习资源的互动者。下面我们一起谈谈幼儿园教师如何在科学活动中创设有效的教学情境。     

培养幼儿数学意识的方法

幼儿时期的数学教学,是真正的数学启蒙教学,而幼儿教材又是教学的基本素材,它为教学活动提供了基本的内容、线索、方法。一个优秀的教师是在不断研究教材的基础上,把显性和隐性的知识以恰当方式内化为学生对数学知识自主建构的过程。1.围绕幼儿的生活兴趣创设学习情境。幼儿是活动的主人,教师要从幼儿的生活、年龄特点和兴趣爱好出发,创设学习情境。创设的学习情境和提供的材料并非越丰富越好,因为幼儿的注意力具有不稳定性,过多过杂的情境很容易让幼     

创设趣味情境,优化幼儿数学教学

幼儿活泼好动,有意注意持续的时间短,上课时注意力容易分散。数学是一门抽象学科,幼儿明显感到学起来吃力。为了进一步优化幼儿数学教学,教师应当巧妙创设趣味情境,努力激发幼儿数学学习兴趣。从为幼儿创设生活情境、活动情境、疑问情境三个角度切入,总结了在幼儿数学教学中创设趣味情境的相关经验。     

语言活动中积极体验的核心要素

在幼儿园语言教学活动中,教师怎样才能创设一个有利于幼儿积极体验学习的环境呢?现以大班语言活动"桃树下的小白兔"为例,来谈一谈语言活动中积极体验的三个核心要素。核心要素之一:情境情境是指幼儿亲身经历的现实场景或教师创设的情境。教师往往根据教材的要求、特点以及活动目标等,运用生活展现、图画再现、实物演示、音乐渲染等手段来创设情境,     

运用情境游戏开展小班数学活动的实践策略

情境游戏非常符合幼儿园幼儿的学习特点,幼儿在轻松、愉悦的氛围中学习数学,满足其游戏需要,还能较好地帮助教师完成教学目标,真正做到在游戏中学习。教师结合实践教学经验,在小班活动中加入情境游戏来提高幼儿参与教学活动兴趣的实践策略,梳理了运用情境游戏开展数学教学活动的注意事项。     

What is science in preschool and what do teachers have to know to empower children?

In this article we problematize the purpose of teaching science in preschool and the competences preschool teachers need in order to conduct science activities in the classroom. The empirical data were collected through an action research project with five preschool and primary school teachers (K-6). In the first section of this paper we use one situation, a floating–sinking experiment, as an illustration of how two different epistemological perspectives generate different foci on which kind of science teaching competences can be fruitful in preschool settings. In the first perspective, the central goal of science teaching is the development of the children’s conceptual understanding. With this perspective, we found that the science activities with children were unsuccessful, because their thoughts about concepts did not develop as expected, the situation even enhanced a “misconception” concerning density. Moreover, the teacher was unsuccessful in supporting the children’s conceptual learning. The second perspective uses a feminist approach that scrutinizes science, where we investigate if the floating–sinking activity contributes to a feeling of participation in a scientific context for the children and if so how the teacher promotes this inclusion. This second perspective showed that the children’s scientific proficiency benefited from the situation; they had a positive experience with density which was reinforced by the teacher. The children discovered that they had power over their own learning by using an experimental approach. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that there are competences other than subject matter knowledge that are also important when preschool teachers engage children in scientific activities. Through process-oriented work with the teacher group, we identified four concrete skills: paying attention to and using children’s previous experiences; capturing unexpected things that happen at the moment they occur; asking questions that challenge the children and that stimulate further investigation; creating a situated presence, that is, “remaining” in the situation and listening to the children and their explanations. We discuss possible ways to move preschool teachers away from their feelings of inadequacy and poor self-confidence in teaching science by reinforcing this kind of pedagogical content knowledge.     

幼儿科学教育中探究性学习的指导策略

探究性学习是幼儿的一种新的学习方式,它是以探究的方式进行科学活动,也是一个学习过程,它提倡幼儿在教师的指导下,以实际体验去发现问题、探究问题、解决问题,从而体验探究的乐趣,养成探究的态度和精神。幼儿的探究性活动大致可以分为四个过程：创设探究主题—引导幼儿进行探究—幼儿相互交流探究成果—教师进行正确评价。针对探究性学习的不同过程,教师要采取不同的策略。     

在体验活动中促进幼儿的深度学习

幼儿的体验活动本质上是一种具有探究性和实践性的学习活动。良好的活动体验可以强化幼儿的学习兴趣,改善幼儿的学习态度,促进幼儿对事物的认识与理解,增强幼儿学习的目的性和持续性,往往代表着高水平的学习卷入,说明幼儿的体验活动与其深度学习之间存在着有机的内在连接。教师应尊重幼儿的学习主体性,给予幼儿充分的自主学习机会,提高幼儿对体验活动的情感参与;应为幼儿创设真实的学习情境,提升幼儿活动体验的水平与质量,促进幼儿学习能力与学习品质的发展;应加强与家庭、社区之间的合作,为幼儿开展体验活动、实现深度学习提供外部环境支持。     

Catching the moments – coteaching to stimulate science in the preschool context

An important task for the preschool teacher is to create meaningful learning situations where children have opportunities to experience science. However, many teachers have both weak subject knowledge and a lack of confidence to teach science. The aim of the project presented in this article was to capture how nine preschool teachers developed their learning of and self-confidence in teaching science during a two-year professional development (PD) project while coplanning, coteaching, and coreflecting on their teaching activities. During the project, the preschool teachers’ self-confidence and attitudes played an important role for the their approach to science activities. Their collaborative learning and reflection became important for their PD and for the way science phenomena were included in the preschool context. As such, the project is based on opportunities for preschool teachers to develop their ideas about science and to reframe their work with the aim to stimulate children’s curiosity for science.     

幼儿生命教育中深度学习的促进策略

深度学习能够促进高一级思维的发展并提升幼儿的自主学习意识。但是目前传统的生命教育活动无法促进幼儿的深度学习,需要幼儿教师注重在生命教育活动中的偶发性探索,使幼儿产生深度学习需求;正确做好"鹰架",帮助幼儿延续深度学习兴趣;重视幼儿反思,深化幼儿深度学习的思维;优化评价方式,关注过程与关注结果并重。     

The moral implications of teacher-child discourse in early childhood classrooms

The ways teachers engage children in discourse during teaching-learning activities have profound moral implications for children's learning and development. The goals of this article are (1) to explicate how teachers' control over classroom discourse patterns during teaching-learning activities influences the types of knowledge children create and acquire; (2) to examine the relationship between two types of teacher-child discourse commonly used in early childhood classrooms and the semiotic tools children appropriate through participation in each type of discourse; and (3) to outline the moral implications each has for children's learning and development. A framework for considering the moral implications of the ways teachers engage children in discourse during teaching-learning activities in early childhood classrooms is presented.     

Taking active learning into the primary school: a matter of new practices?

This paper examines the extension of active learning pedagogical practices familiar in preschool settings to the first class of primary school. Policy and practice guidance in the UK is advocating the benefits of experiential learning as a way of engaging young children as they move into primary school but for teachers this means a move to new practices which can be in tension with other expectations. In this paper, the rationale for active learning is considered along with an account of the classroom activities of teachers and children in five primary schools that were implementing the policy shift to active learning. The children in these classes spent varying amounts of time in whole class activities led by the teacher or in small groups directed to engage with specific activities. They had opportunities to engage and respond verbally, through manipulating objects and with physical actions but the emphasis was on planned, teacher-directed learning activities. The characteristics of active learning as introduced in these innovative classes are compared with the expectations of practice guidance and theorising about early learning.     

主动性学习理念下教师支持幼儿发展适宜性游戏基本策略

区域活动是幼儿在幼儿园内参与游戏的主要形式之一。主动性学习理念下的区域活动对教师支持幼儿游戏发展提出了新的要求。以大班的区域活动为例,通过创设支持性的游戏环境、观察与评估幼儿的游戏、在鼓励与欣赏中引导幼儿的游戏往更为复杂高阶的方向发展等策略,可以促进幼儿适宜性游戏的发展。     

Using the Internet for Communicative Learning Activities in Kindergarten: The Case of the “Shapes Planet”

With the widespread use of the internet, more and more children get acquainted with its various uses at a young age while an increasing number of teachers are designing learning activities that utilize various internet services. Toward this direction, teachers need practical examples of pedagogically verified learning activities. This paper presents an experimental case study of a learning activity meant for teaching preschoolers geometric concepts, which uses communication tools from the internet. The activity constitutes a developmentally appropriate adaptation of a successful model, known as “Monster Exchange”, to kindergarten. The paper presents the proposed adaptation, the experimental findings regarding the errors children mad, the difficulties they encountered, and finally, the drawings that children produced, with the aim of evaluating the appropriateness and the learning value of the activity.     

再论融合教育:普小教师眼中的"随班就读"

在中国 ,融合教育的主要安置形式是随班就读。本文使用开放式问卷 ,录音采访了大连市 1 1所普通小学的 2 3位班主任教师。研究的结果表明 :(一 )大连市的普小教师对特殊儿童随班就读基本上持接受态度 ,集中有近一半多的教师认为要视学生的残疾种类合程度来确定特殊儿童是否随班就读。(二 )在多数普小教师看来 ,特殊儿童与正常儿童之间的交往势必交顺利的 ,特殊儿童的社会融合经常出现在课外活动、集体活动、游戏的场合 ,而在课堂学习的情况下较难产生。 (三 )从社会融合的可利用资源中 ,社区、学校、家庭之间的相互支持、协作的桥梁并未建立起来。 (四 )普小教师对随班就读工作的建议是希望得到特殊教育知识的培训。