少数民族汉语教学中阅读能力培养探讨

对少数民族学生汉语教学问题进行分析,点出了在汉语教与学的过程中要注意的事项。汉语阅读文献蕴含着丰富的信息,人们可通过各种渠道获取和利用这些宝贵资源。指出培养汉语学习者掌握信息的能力是汉语教学的重要任务,阅读能力的培养是汉语教学的中心环节和关键所在。     

Components of Reading Ability: Multivariate Evidence for a Convergent Skills Model of Reading Development

The objectives of this series of 3 studies were (a) to evaluate whether French-speaking children mainly use phonological mediation in the first stage of reading acquisition in a silent-reading task and (b) to examine the role of phonological processing in the construction of the orthographic lexicon. Forty-eight French children were followed from kindergarten to the end of Grade 2. Their phonological skills were assessed using a semantic categorization task with homophone and visual foils (Study 1); their orthographic skills were assessed using a choice task involving a correct exemplar, a homophone, and a visual foil (Study 2). In the semantic categorization task, the differences between the visual and homophone foils increased with time, as the homophone foils were more and more likely to be chosen. In the orthographic choice task, performance improved with time, but errors were more likely to involve homophone foils. The results obtained by two subgroups of children who differed in their level of orthographic expertise at the end of Grade 2 (Study 3) indicated that, 1 year earlier (at the end of Grade I), the future "expert" spellers were more likely than the future "poor" spellers to use phonological processing in silent reading (semantic categorization task). Moreover, in Grade 1, future expert spellers' phonological skills in reading aloud and in spelling from dictation (pseudoword tasks) were better than those of future poor spellers, and future expert spellers also had better phonological awareness skills at the beginning of the last year of kindergarten. These results suggest that French-speaking children use phonological mediation in silent-reading tasks and that phonological processing contributes to the construction of the orthographic lexicon.     

The Measurement and Training of Visual Discrimination Skills Prior to Reading Instruction

An equation useful for predicting the performance of PhD’s during their careers in research is developed, using information available at the time applications are submitted. A quality-adjusted index of research is used to measure performance. Undergraduate grades, age at time of application, and previous graduate training appear to be important for the prediction. Scores on standardized tests do not discriminate within the range covered by the sample.     

猜测技巧在汉语阅读理解中的应用

猜测是第二语言学习者增加词语知识、扩大词汇量的一个重要途径。作者结合自己的汉语阅读教学,从汉字的表义性、汉语词汇的构词法、语境、生活经验和一般常识等方面详细介绍了一些汉语阅读理解中的猜测技巧,这些技巧对提高汉语阅读理解能力有很大的帮助。     

The Deficit Profiles of Chinese Children with Reading Difficulties: a Meta-analysis

The current meta-analysis synthesized findings from profiling research on Chinese children with reading difficulties (RD). We reviewed a total of 81 studies published between 1964 and May 2015, representing a total of 9735 Chinese children. There are 982 effect sizes for the comparison between children with RD and age-matched typically developing (A-TD) children and 152 effect sizes for the comparison between children with RD and reading-level-matched typically developing (R-TD) children on multiple linguistic and cognitive skills. Results showed that compared to A-TD children, children with RD have severe deficits in morphological awareness, orthographic knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid naming, working memory, and visual skills and moderate deficits in short-term memory and motor skills. Compared to R-TD children, children with RD only have moderate deficits in rapid naming and mild deficits in orthographic knowledge. Moderation analyses for the comparison between RD and A-TD children revealed that children with more severe RD show more severe deficits in morphological awareness, phonological awareness, rapid naming, and visual skills. However, neither location (Mainland vs. Hong Kong) nor type of reading screening (character recognition vs. character recognition combined with reading comprehension) emerged as a moderator of the deficit profiles. These findings indicate that Chinese children with RD have deficits on a wide range of cognitive and linguistic skills. Deficits in rapid naming and orthographic knowledge may be potential causal factors for RD in Chinese based on existing evidence. Implications for the diagnosis and instructions of Chinese children with RD were discussed.     

论小学语文阅读教学与学生写作能力的培养

《全日制义务教育语文课程标准》提出了“构筑读写整体,提高读写效益”的要求。一方面,“课标”在阅读教学目标中提出：“在阅读中了解叙述、描写、说明、议论、抒情等表达方式”;另一方面,在写作目标中也提出了相应的要求：“根据表达的中心,选择恰当的表达方式。”构建“以读助写,以写促读,读写一体”的教学新模式,是落实“课标”要求,提高语文教学效率的有效途径。     

Suprasegmental Phonology Development and Reading Acquisition: A Longitudinal Study

Previous studies implicate suprasegmental phonology in reading acquisition. However, little is known about how suprasegmental sensitivity develops or how it contributes to reading. Here, 130 Spanish primary-school children participated in this 2-year longitudinal study. Nonlinguistic rhythm, lexical-stress sensitivity and metrical-stress sensitivity, along with phonological awareness, vocabulary, nonverbal intelligence, and reading aloud, were assessed on five occasions. Results suggest that prosody abilities have different developmental trajectories and that prosody explains unique variance in reading beyond that explained by other factors. There was some evidence that the contribution of each prosody skill occurred at different phases in reading development. Nonlinguistic rhythm, lexical-stress sensitivity, and metrical-stress sensitivity assessed at the end of kindergarten, the start of Grade 1, and the end of Grade 1, respectively, predicted reading performance 6 months later. Nevertheless, sample size and reliability temper the conclusions that can be made. The implications of prosody skills for literacy development are discussed.     

词汇习得英语阅读教学的因素

词汇法学派认为词汇不仅包括单词,还包括词汇短语,词汇短语是语言的核心。在英语阅读教学中词汇不但有助于语言习得还有助于篇章结构的把握,从而提高学生的阅读能力。文章通过"自下而上"和"自上而下"两种阅读过程分析了词汇在英语阅读教学中的重要作用。     

Developmental Relations Between Home Literacy Environment,Reading Interest,and Reading Skills: Evidence From a 3-Year Longitudinal Study

We examined the bidirectional relations between home literacy environment, reading interest, and children’s emergent literacy and reading skills in a sample of 172 English-speaking Canadian children (M_age = 75.87 months) followed from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Results of cross-lagged analysis revealed that the reading comprehension activities (RCA) at home positively predicted children's reading skills at the end of Grade 2 and the reading skills negatively predicted the RCA in Grade 3. Parent-rated reading interest was bidirectionally related to reading skills, whereas child-rated reading interest was only predicted by earlier reading skills, but not vice versa. These findings suggest that parents are sensitive to their children’s reading performance and modify their involvement accordingly.     

Linguistic Diversity and the Development of Reading Skills: A Longitudinal Study

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the same component processes are involved in reading acquisition for children with varying levels of proficiency in English in kindergarten and the first grade. The performance of 858 children was examined on tasks assessing basic literacy skills, phonological processing, verbal memory, and syntactic awareness. There were 727 children who were native English speakers (NS children) and 131 children who spoke English as a second language (ESL children). Although ESL children performed more poorly than NS children on most measures of phonological and linguistic processing in kindergarten and first grade, the acquisition of basic literacy skills for children from both language groups developed in a similar manner. Furthermore, alphabetic knowledge and phonological processing were important contributors to early reading skill for children from both language groups. Therefore, children learning English may acquire literacy skills in English in a similar manner to NS children, although their alphabetic knowledge may precede and facilitate the acquisition of phonological awareness in English.     

浅谈英语阅读理解技巧

阅读能力是英语综合技能的一个重要方面,它标志着一个人的英语水平。在阅读中掌握一定的阅读技巧能提高阅读速度和理解程度。在阅读中我们要注意文章的主题段、主题句和关键词等。     

英语阅读的方法与技巧

阅读在英语学习中具有举足轻重的地位。培养阅读能力,首先要分析阅读的概念、心理过程和障碍;其次,归纳概括阅读方法与技巧:控制发音动作、猜词悟义、利用结构信息和关键词、注意理解句子或段落、养成集中注意力阅读的习惯。     

互动习得法——提高学生英语口语技能的有效途径

文章所提倡的"互动习得"法,旨在让学生像儿童学习母语一样,在一种积极的、下意识的心理状态下,进入各种特设的语言环境,主动接受、掌握英语口语表达技巧,提高英语口语表达能力.     

A Framework for the Acquisition of Collaborative Consultation Skills

The purpose of this article is to identify essential areas of expertise for the special educator who functions in the role of collaborating teacher. Four training components-personal communication style, communication skills, stages in the collaborative process, and service delivery models-are examined. Sample objectives and collaborative responsibilities are delineated, and the need for further research in this area is discussed.     

信息加工阅读法初探

21世纪是信息时代，人们需要不断获取大量的信息，才能适宜社会的发展。阅读是获取信息的最根本的手段。阅读的实质是获取信息。认识心理学把人们的认识心理过程理解为信息的获得、贮存、加工和使用的过程，即信息加工过程。语文阅读是一种认知活动，因此，语文阅读也是一个信息加工过程，这一过程依次包含信息的获取、筛选、整合、贮存、使用五个过程。     

A Developmental Neuropsychological Perspective for Reading and Writing Acquisition

The principle of developmental dissociations is illustrated as a technique for studying functional brain organization in developing children with and without frank brain damage. Specific developmental dissociations described include disparities between (a) the cognitive and motor systems; (b) declarative and procedural knowledge; (c) fine motor, orthographic, oral language, reading, and writing function; (d) corresponding orthographic-phonological code connections; and (e) lexical analysis and lexical selection in reading. The educational implications of these dissociations are discussed. First, the developmental dissociations observed between the cognitive and motor systems and between declarative and procedural knowledge in motorically impaired individuals suggest that sensorimotor experience may not be a prerequisite for all intellectual development, as Piaget claimed, and that an abnormal sensorimotor period may impair the acquisition of procedural knowledge relatively more than the acquisition of declarative knowledge. Second, the dissociations observed among fine motor, orthographic, oral language, reading, and writing function support a model of noncontingent, normal variation or developmental independence in acquiring neurodevelopmental skills and academic skills, which fall along a continuum in a range typically found in normally developing readers and writers and which vary considerably within and across individuals in their relative level of development. Third, the dissociations between corresponding orthographic-phonological codes can contribute to problems in acquiring word recognition skills. Finally, the dissociation between lexical analysis and lexical selection accounts for children who can extract meaning from silent reading of text but whose oral reading is dysfluent. We argue, in keeping with the spirit of the Piagetian tradition, that developmental dissociations offer a technique for dissecting the components of biofunctional brain systems and thus for studying the constructive processes of the learner whose nervous system continually interacts with the environment.