Publicly minded,privately focused: Western Australian teachers and school choice

In the growing school choice research literature little, if any, attention has been given to the choices made by the providers of educational services. Yet the workplace preferences shown by teachers and school administrators influences educational practice in important ways and helps illuminate some of the important issues raised in the school choice literature, such as the impact of marketisation on school planning, infrastructure and service delivery in public and private schools, social justice and resource distribution. Following discussion and analysis of the tendency for educational anthropologists to ignore teachers and their work, I use the stories of two teachers to help illustrate the research upon which this essay is built. Based on in-depth interviews with fifteen teachers in Perth, the capital of Western Australia, the primary aim of this paper is to ‘give voice’ to teachers by describing and analysing the social implications of the workplace choices exercised by a range of teachers. Issues of permanency, care, systemic needs, commitment to different forms of social equity, gender and age all emerge as important influences on the choices made by individuals when it comes to the type of school they choose to work in.     

关于选择函数形式的Arrow不可能性定理的注记

研究了社会选择中的不可能性定理．首先定义社会选择函数,给出理性社会选择函数的形式化描述,并定义选择函数形式的Pareto准则、无关方案独立性条件和非独裁性条件．在此基础上,探讨了选择函数据架下的不可能性定理,得到了选择函数形式的Arrow不可能性定理和Sen寡头独裁不可能性定理.     

The limits of school choice: some implications for accountability of selective practices and positional competition in Australian education

The application of market principles to educational provision continues to attract governments across the globe, despite an international body of literature suggesting that marketisation can exacerbate inequalities. In light of a renewed policy push in Australia towards accountability via a market model, this paper analyses the impact of existing school choice policies in the state of Victoria, with particular reference to educational provision in an area of social disadvantage in Melbourne's north. This analysis challenges the claims of the now normalised market model, but also points to the need to expand research into this theme, which has attracted relatively little critical attention in Australia. I argue that both the operation of existing policies and the direction of new proposals imply an uneven system of accountability which applies different standards to increasingly polarised ‘closed’ and ‘open’ schooling sectors.     

关于小学社会课教学创新的探索

本文围绕课堂教学、活动课及社会实践几方面探讨了小学社会课教学中实施创新教育的方法和途     

理性选择制度视野下的中国公民精神培育

公民精神是指公民具备良好的公民常识,且具有参与政治生活的积极态度和能力表现,主要包括积极维权意识、自觉履行义务意识、严格遵守规则意识、主动的公民自治意识四大方面。培育中国公民精神,必须结合中国国情,同时可以借鉴国外相关理论如理性选择制度的"行动者与制度互动"的思想。一方面,公民要养成自主批判和积极行动的公民精神,坚决维护社会主义民主和法制;另一方面,国家要改革完善宪政和人民代表大会制度,为公民精神提供健康的成长土壤。     

Choice and social class of medical school students in Greece

A growing body of literature focuses on choice of studies in the context of policies on widening participation in higher education and graduates' difficulties in the labour market. Drawing on research findings showing a relationship between social class and choice of studies, we conducted a qualitative study on first‐year medical students in a Greek university. The research aim was to examine the seemingly paradoxical choice of medical school, given the contradiction between the great investment in time, effort and money required, and inflation of medical graduates and high unemployment levels. Apart from the impact of social class, findings suggest that choice is also strongly influenced by the broader context of the social and financial relations, and the education system. We argue that any attempts to analyse choice processes need to accommodate the specific national characteristics and peculiarities.     

小学社会课历史知识创造性教学研究

本文主要围绕小学社会课历史知识内容阐述了实施创造性教学的具体方法.     

A choice theory teaching and learning model for working with children of prisoners

The prison population has increased substantially in countries around the world and significant numbers of these prisoners are parents. Children of prisoners experience separation from the imprisoned parent. The separation and precursors to the separation often diminish these children's social‐emotional and educational well‐being. In this paper, the social‐emotional and educational functioning of children of prisoners is examined. Additionally, choice theory is described as a relevant theoretical teaching and learning model to facilitate the children's school‐related functioning.     

Student victimization by peers in elementary schools: individual, teacher-class, and school-level predictors

Objectives

This study examined individual and contextual factors that explain students’ victimization by peers among 4th- through 6th-grade Jewish and Arab students.

Method

A total of 120 homeroom teachers and 3,375 students from 47 schools participated. The study explored how students’ reports of violence are influenced by individual factors (gender, age, perception of school climate, victimization by teachers, and fear) teacher-class factors (school climate, homeroom teachers’ characteristics such as self-efficacy, and education) and cultural affiliation as a school level factor.

Results

The results showed that levels of victimization vary significantly between classes and between schools. However, the vast majority of variation in students’ victimization lay at the individual level. Factors such as fear, physical and emotional victimization by teachers, and gender affected levels of students’ victimization by peers.

Conclusions

Students victimized by peers are more likely to be victimized by their teachers and to miss school because of their fear of violence. Further research should be conducted to investigate additional teacher, class and school factors that can predict levels of students’ victimization.

Practice implication

Based on the study's results, efforts to deal with school violence should be targeted to students and school staff. It is essential to design and implement a “whole school” approach that includes participation of the entire school community. Furthermore, intensive individual treatment should be given to victimized students to improve their sense of safety and protection on school property. In addition, the findings emphasized the need to design and implement school intervention programs in a sensitive way that takes into consideration children's developmental stages and other factors that affect their levels of victimization. The results showed that younger children do not take advantage of the many positive effects that can be achieved from positive school policy and good relationships with staff. It might be that more efforts should be made to raise victimized students’ awareness by emphasizing that schools have rules that are there to protect them.     

Successful components of school improvement in culturally diverse schools

Contemporary phenomena, including modernization, globalization, and migration, have altered the sociopolitical and cultural conditions of schooling. Schools are called upon to respond to such change through improvement efforts fostering intercultural education. To this end, this research examines school actors’ perceptions of the successful components of school improvement in culturally diverse schools. For the purposes of this research, we used the Cypriot education system as our case study to carry out observations and interviews with head teachers, teachers, immigrant and native students, and their parents. In identifying the inputs for the improvement of culturally diverse schools, as perceived by school actors, various components emerged, including listening to student voice, socioemotional and culturally responsive teaching, and increased parental involvement. Arguably, these contributing factors bear implications for school-based leadership, building successful professional communities, and enhancing intercultural competence in schools.     

Determinants of successful internationalisation processes in business schools

We analyse the internationalisation process in business schools as a response to the globalisation phenomena and argue that environmental pressures, isomorphic forces, the pool of internal resources and the alignment of the process with the institution’s general strategic plan are the main determinants of a successful internationalisation process. These determinants, two external and two internal, find support in different theoretical frameworks such as contingency, isomorphism, resource-based view and strategic management theories. We use these theoretical approaches to discuss four propositions that explain the implementation of an appropriate internationalisation process for a business school. This paper contributes to the literature concerned with the internationalisation processes in higher education institutions highlighting the main factors that should be taken into account by school deans, university provosts, university boards and educational policymakers in guiding internationalisation process at institutional and national/sector levels.     

日本基础教育中的学业成就制约因素分析

自2002年以来,日本的一些研究人员开始对学业成就和社会阶层的关系进行调查研究。本文使用“日本教育纵向调查”的2003年数据考察影响儿童学业成就的诸因素以及这些因素的外延,主要分析结果为：1、某地方小城市的调查结果显示各社会阶层儿童的学业成就差距相对较小;2、位于首都圈的某中等城市的调查结果显示儿童的学业成就受到教育费支出、教育期待和家庭收入的影响。     

小学社会课课型分类

小学社会课按照不同的标准可以划分为不同的课型.从表述方法上划分,有讨论表演型、主辅型、例证型和图文型;课型种类的不同,其教学模式和方法也就不同.     

The social fabric of elementary schools: a network typology of social interaction among teachers

While researchers are currently studying various forms of social network interaction among teachers for their impact on educational policy implementation and practice, knowledge on how various types of networks are interrelated is limited. The goal of this study is to understand the dimensionality that may underlie various types of social networks in schools. We assessed seven types of social interaction using social network data of 775 educators from 53 Dutch elementary schools. The quadratic assignment procedure, multidimensional scaling and network visualisations were used to discern underlying dimensions that may explain the interrelatedness of these seven types of social networks. Findings suggest small to moderate similarity between the seven forms of social interaction. Results support a distinction between instrumental and expressive networks and suggest a second dimension of mutual in(ter)dependence to explain differences in social interaction among teachers. Implications for practice and research on teacher collaboration are discussed.     

Relations between the development of school investment, self-confidence and language achievement in elementary education: a multivariate latent growth curve approach

Latent growth curve (LGC) analysis of longitudinal data for pupils' school investment, self-confidence and language ability is presented. A multivariate model is tested that relates the three developmental processes to each other and to intelligence. All processes show significant differences between children in their developmental curves. The increase in language ability and the decrease in school investment correspond with the hypotheses. No hypothesis is formulated about self-confidence, but an increase for some and a decrease for others are found. The hypothesis that development in language ability, school investment, and self-confidence are mutually positively associated is supported, as is the hypothesis that intelligence accounts for some of the differences in language ability. School investment, self-confidence, and intelligence each explain a different part of development in language ability.     

教育期望中的社会阶层差异:父母的社会地位和子女教育期望的关系

本文从父母的学历和职业两个方面,分析和论述了社会阶层与教育的关系。对子女的教育期望,由于父母职业和学历的不同,存在差异。拥有高学历的父母亲,对子女的教育期望较高。相同职业的父亲和母亲,对子女的教育期望呈现高度的一致性。无论女孩还是男孩,父母都给予了同样高的教育期望。在不同地区,对子女的教育期望存在差异。     

Race,class, and emerging sexuality: teacher perceptions and sexual harassment in schools

Sexual harassment is a highly troubling gendered phenomenon that plagues young women on a daily basis. The way in which sexual harassment is perceived and treated is varied and is largely based on racial and class stereotypes. This paper highlights the findings from a study in which a group of middle and high school teachers were interviewed and their perceptions of sexual harassment on their campuses were discussed. What was revealed throughout this study was the way in which many teachers’ notions of sexuality are conceptualised through their notions of class and race. This paper addresses how such racial and class stereotypes veil the sexual victimisation of many young women.     

Multi-method assessment of metacognitive skills in elementary school children: how you test is what you get

Third grade elementary school children solved tests on mathematical reasoning and numerical facility. Metacognitive skillfulness was assessed through think aloud protocols, prospective and retrospective child ratings, teacher questionnaires, calibration measures and EPA2000. In our dataset metacognition has a lot in common with intelligence, but planning measured with teacher ratings plays a role above and beyond IQ. Moreover, we found that skills are generally related, but that it is more appropriate to assess them separately. In addition, results show the value of an experienced teacher as actual measure of metacognitive planning skills. Our dataset suggests convergent validity for prospective and retrospective child ratings, but no significant relationship with the other metacognitive measures. Metacognitive skillfulness combined with intelligence accounts for between 52.9% and 76.5% of the mathematics performances. The choice of diagnostic instruments highly determines the predicted percentage. Consequences for the assessment of metacognitive skills are discussed.     

比较视域下我国义务教育阶段择校问题思考

择校现象已经是一种世界性的现象,择校政策也已经有很多国家在实行。探讨了这一现象在我国义务教育阶段产生的必然性,并观照了美、英、加三国择校政策的实施,经过思考,认为在中国现阶段国情下应该借鉴外国的一些经验做法,但并不适宜在全国范围内鼓励择校。     

小学学业不良儿童的班级同伴关系探析

同伴是小学生学习、生活中的重要他人,同伴在儿童的发展过程中有着成人所无法取代的地位。学业不良儿童由于学业上的失败,而遭到同伴的排斥、拒绝。就这一类儿童而言,他们的班级同伴关系大致有对立的同伴关系、疏远的同伴关系、矛盾的同伴关系三种,且在交往对象、范围、同伴的组成,以及彼此间的影响上都与非学业不良儿童有着差异。本文从教师和学生两个角度来探讨了改善学业不良儿童班级同伴关系的对策。