西方高等教育管理中的管理主义述评

20世纪80年代以来，管理主义在大学管理中的逐渐渗透是西方高等教育领域的一个重要特征，它一方面引起了大学的变化，推动了大学适应社会需求的步伐，另一方面又成为争论和矛盾的焦点。本文试图对管理主义渗透到大学管理中的背景、引入机制、具体表现进行分析，从而对高等教育中管理主义加以明确界定并解释其对大学管理的影响路径。     

What is formation? A conceptual discussion

This paper addresses the principles and connotations of the term formation. In our discussion of formation, we draw on different disciplines in order to widen and deepen our understanding of the concept of formation. We also mirror the formation concept against comparable terms and draw on studies in which it has been applied in empirical research. By drawing on a different perspective on formation, we argue for its relevance to higher education and invite discussion on its potential uses in that field.     

高等教育职业性的发展规律及启示

通过追溯从中世纪到大众化时期高等教育的发展历程,阐明高等教育职业性的发展规律。职业性是高等教育的固有属性,内涵不断丰富和发展,其与学术性的相互博弈共同促进了高等教育的发展,这对当前我国高等教育改革有着重要启示和借鉴意义。     

Restricted opportunities under employment reform: the experiences of select universities in the Chinese Mainland

This study investigates changes to academic work life under recent employment reform in the Chinese Mainland. It employs a mixed-methods research approach, first conducting a survey of 1,770 teachers at nine universities in Mainland China. These nine universities consist of first-tier, second-tier, and ordinary universities. Next, through a qualitative research approach, 60 teachers at three of the nine universities were interviewed. Teachers from the departments of management, information technology, education, and physics were interviewed, reflecting a variety of work conditions. Our study finds that the employment reform, with its stress on quantitative research output, has led to further restrictions on academic work and the standardization of academic development. The new measurements have led to a crisis of confidence and dignity for many senior teachers. Great pressure has also been placed on younger academics, who receive very limited promotion opportunities. This study offers a significant theoretical contribution to discussion on the changing academic work life and has policy implications for higher education personnel policy in China.     

高职院校教师职业认同研究综述

职业认同是指个体通过职业经验将自我与社会要求逐渐融合,在职业中定位并承认其价值与意义的过程。以高职院校教师为研究对象,对其职业认同的内涵、结构、发展水平、影响因素及作用进行文献梳理,研究发现,高职教师具有较高的职业行为方式认同,但在社会支持和职业情感等方面认同度较低。在人口统计学因素、个体内部因素和外在环境因素的影响下,高职教师的胜任力、职业倦怠、教学效能感、专业发展等方面有相应的变化。通过对高职院校教师的职业认同发展状况研究进行梳理,以期推动我国职业教育的内涵式发展和师资队伍建设。     

高等学校教师：概念与特质

本文从高等学校教师的词源和历史发展揭示了高校教师的内涵,并在此基础上,通过知识社会学和职业社会学的分析,阐述了作为从事学术职业的高等学校教师的特质为学术性和专业性。     

试论“专业高等教育”——基于人才培养规格差异的视角

"专业"和"专业教育"是高等教育研究中的重要术语,但在中、西方话题体系中的含义与所指却远不相同。本文试从人才培养规格差异的视角,通过两两比较的方式,对西方话题体系中"专业高等教育"的属性和特征进行分析,以期有助于廓清我们对相关概念和话题的理解与认识。     

The impact of training and education in Indonesian aid schemes

This paper sets out to understand the impact that training and education programmes have had on institutions and on individuals in Indonesia and to identify theoretical and practical approaches that appear to be effective in bringing about planned change. An analysis was made of evaluation and research studies that included significant components of training and education. The evidence of longer-term impacts does not support the belief that development and change will automatically follow from training. The studies show that the absence of systemic and institutional commitment and the absence of sustainable links in a complex chain of institutional arrangements are impediments to the goals of development. For trainees, the outcomes derived from overseas training are a complex mix of professional, affective, cultural and career advantages mediated by the nature of the work environment. Although most graduates believe in the advantages of overseas training there are also important disadvantages, such as difficulties with re-entry, work relationships, and the development of appropriate professional networks. The studies identify several input and contextual factors that have had a significant influence on longer-term change.     

The imagined and the real: identifying the tensions for academic identity

Changes within the higher education sector have had significant effects on the identity of the individual academic. As institutions transform in response to government‐driven policy and funding directives, there is a subsequent impact upon the roles and responsibilities of those employed as educational professionals. Academic practices are changing as multiple roles emerge from the reshaping of academic work. Institutional pressures to produce specific research outputs at the same time as teaching and undertaking managerial/administrative responsibilities are creating tension between what academics perceive as their professional identity and that prescribed by their employing organisation. Reconciling this disconnect is part of the challenge for academics, who are now seeking to understand and manage their changing identity. Narratives obtained from research in a university with a polytechnic background and an institute of technology (aspiring to be a university), provide some subjective reflections for examining this issue.     

学术职业:国内研究进展与文献述评

“学术职业”是西方学者研究高等教育的一个重要领域所使用的专门术语。国内对学术职业的研究却刚刚起步,主要是对国外研究成果进行译介,以及从学术职业角度对中国大学教师的问题进行探索,但仍表现出对西方学术职业研究不系统、概念界定不明确、研究群体单薄等问题。     

Higher education leadership in Russia: a case study of mid-level academic management at an elite State university

This paper analyzes the Head of Department (HoD) role at an elite State university in Russia. It draws upon documentary analysis of government texts and focus groups with both HoDs and lecturers. It concludes that most HoDs are invited to apply for the role by more senior university colleagues. Once in post, they are offered a range of helpful courses, but also learn from experience and by observing others. The primary purpose of the role is seen as clarifying and interpreting central university expectations, though there is scope for influencing the departmental vision. Whilst the role is very time-consuming, it does not seem to generate the kind of managerialist ‘values' conflict reported elsewhere. The paper ends with a tentative framework for explaining how certain contextual factors (motivation, mode of appointment, perceived level of surveillance and previous experience of higher and/or lower levels of centralized control) might increase or decrease ‘values' conflict.     

Absence of the academic from higher education policy

This article argues that the individual academic is all but absent from the assumptive worlds of policymakers in UK higher education. It is taken for granted in research on academic identity that those who work in higher education as teachers and researchers refer to themselves as, and indeed are referred to by others as, ‘academics’. Evidence is drawn from a study of policymakers in the UK to demonstrate that the word ‘academic’ is not a part of the lexicon of higher education policymaking. Moreover, the concept of the academic is cast into shade by an overwhelming emphasis on ‘the student experience’, and, from another direction, by a location of professional academic accountability at the level of the higher education institution rather than the individual. The article concludes with an exploration of what work this absence of the academic in policy does in disrupting the possibilities for engagement between the worlds of academia and policymaking and in perpetuating the discourses of marketisation and new management in higher education. It also suggests understanding the assumptive worlds of policymakers is a crucial counterbalance to a growing body of literature on academic responses to change, some of which has tended towards the self‐referential.     

学术性与职业性的融合--大众化进程中高等教育质量观

本文从中国高等教育发展实际出发，认为我国高等教育大众化进程中应该采用多样化的质量观。并分析学术性和职业性的形成和演化，强调我国多样化质量观应从过分偏向学术性到注重职业性，并努力协调学术性和职业性，促进高等教育大众化的发展。     

当前高校职称评聘中若干问题的思考

分析了当前高校职称评聘中存在的七个问题,并提出相应对策。     

Changing Patterns in the Middle Management of Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Portugal

Abstact Much of the writing on higher education in recent years has tended to assume that the new management push in higher education is both universal and irreversible. This paper, however, presents evidence from Portugal to challenge that assumption. While elements of the new managerialism are clearly evident in the perceptions and attitudes of academics in charge of the basic academic units (departments/schools and faculties) in the country’s universities and polytechnics, academic management remains faced with a complex, contradictory and conflicting set of demands and expectations which is likely to take a considerable time to resolve.     

论研究生专业学位教育“去学术化”问题

研究生专业学位教育“去学术化”是人才培养和市场需求的需要。为进一步完善研究生专业学位教育,应当借鉴国外先进经验,坚持“学术性与职业性”相结合的原则,建立完整的研究生专业学位教育培养体系和教育质量评估保障体系。     

Bridging identity ‘chasms’: occupational therapy academics’ reflections on the journey towards scholarship

The performative context of higher education demands that practice-oriented academics shift their priorities from preparing practitioners for the profession, towards ‘productive’ scholarship. We present narratives from occupational therapy academics at the end of a year-long journey through an action research project focussed on academic identity and scholarly growth. Our analysis captures subtle and striking shifts in being and becoming, doing and belonging. The findings, re-presented as an adapted Hero’s Journey, also reveal the powerful impacts on identity and practice that are enabled when academics have the opportunity to create spaces for scholarship that are experienced as caring, collaborative and collegial.     

英国高等教育质量保证署学术审查体系

学术审查是英国高等教育质量保证署(QAA)近年推出的教育质量审查方法,学术审查体系通过建立国家范围内相对统一的学术基本规范,包括学位资格框架、学科基准、课程规格和实施规则,用于学术审查指导和参考。以学术基本规范为标准和指南的审查方法和程序避免了评价过程的官僚化和绝对统一化,体现“自上而下”和“自下而上”以及尊重高等院校个性化和自主化的特点,对学术质量的检查集中在院校内部的质量管理机制上,形成内部外部质量管理机制的有效统一。