The new educational pluralism in Latin America

Conclusion Education is, however, already beginning to reflect the whole range of pluralisms that constitute the relatively complex, urbanized and semi-industrialized societies of most of Latin America.Modernity in these societies assumes the form of cultural pluralism with a centrifugal and fragmented social basis, in which deep divisions of class and social strata still exist alongside emerging tensions due to the spread of markets, privatization in civil society, the disintegration of the traditional state, the rapid internationalization of communications and expectations, and the consolidation of liberal-democratic regimes that enable all this diversity to be expressed more freely.The new pluralism of Latin American education has therefore more to do with the modernization of societies and their cultures than with the more restrictive notion of complementarity among well-structured socio-cultural elements that fight to preserve their identity and that attain a form of expression recognized by the state in the field of education. The latter type of pluralism, found in more stable and better structured societies, is replaced in Latin America by a more fluid and ambiguous educational pluralism which, in the final analysis, reflects a process of construction of modernity that began only recently but is now in full swing. Specialist in the sociology of education. Professor-researcher at the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO), vice-president of the Chilean Higher Council of Education, where he chaired the Presidential Study Commission on Higher Education. Member of the Executive Committee of the Latin American Social Sciences Council. His most recent books are: Educación superior en América latina: cambios y desafíos (1990), Chile: transformaciones culturales y modernidad(1989), and Recursos humanos para la investigación en América latina (1989).     

Professions and educational counseling in Mexico and Latin America

Conclusion In these circumstances, the prospect of the counselor for the professions is to play a new and different role inside the field of educational counseling. This new role will rely, in great measure, on the foreseeable behavior of society and, consequently, educational systems.It is relevant to consider the kind of society which is expected to emerge in the next twenty-five years. When this desirable scenario has been defined it becomes possible and necessary to join efforts, open new pathways and formulate new alternative solutions to present problems.Educational counseling should acquire properties that give it a new, more concrete meaning in a way that allows it to be used in a more accurate and effective way institutionally, in relation to the educational system and to career and national planning.Educational counseling should be more aware of and open to what is happening in the sectors that give a mandate to education at the economic, political, and social levels.Educational counseling and counseling for professionals must have continuity inside the educational system, and it may not be reduced to the role of filling in holes and taking responsibility for the contradictions of the national education system. Counseling must have a preventive task. In order to fulfill this, it is important that counselors have a solid background in education, politics, economics, and social areas; so they should be able to establish a connection with fields of work and their development potential.It is essential to systematize and share research on the discipline in order to delineate problems which are immediate, medium, or long-range in the different areas of counseling.     

Education and colonial language policies in Latin America and the Caribbean

In Latin America governmental responses to the language issue have ranged from suppression of non-European languages to active promotion of at least a limited bilingualism. The thesis of this article is that the inconsistencies are primarily a function of economic and social struggles among contending national elites with the common goal of compelling subordinate groups to adapt to the behaviors and expectations of the elite groups. Not until the nineteenth century witnessed a shift to capital-intensive modes of production did the schools become a major locus for implementation of governmental policy. Then the schools were called upon in a direct and massive way to augment traditional forms of social control.

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Zusammenfassung In Latein-Amerika reichte die Reaktion der Regierungen auf sprachliche Probleme von der Unterdrückung nicht-europäischer Sprachen bis zur aktiven Förderung wenigstens einer begrenzten Zweisprachigkeit. Dieser Artikel vertritt den Standpunkt, die Gegensätze seien hauptsächlich bedingt durch wirtschaftliche und soziale Kämpfe zwischen wetteifernden nationalen Führungsschichten, die alle das gleiche Ziel verfolgen, untergeordnete Gruppen zu zwingen, die Verhaltensweisen und Erwartungen der Führungsgruppen zu übernehmen. Erst als sich das 19. Jahrhundert allmählich auf kapital-intensive Produktionsweisen umstellte, wurden die Schulen in höherem Masse Zuchtstätten der Regierungspolitik. Danach wurden sie unmittelbar und massiv aufgerufen, traditionelle Formen der Gesellschaftskontrolle zu verstärken.

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Résumé En Amérique Latine les réponses gouvernementales à la question du langage sont passées d'une suppression des langages non-européens à leur promotion active, ou du moins à un certain bilingualisme. La thèse de cet article est que ces inconséquences sont avant tout fonction des luttes économiques et sociales entre les élites nationales en présence dont le but commun est de contraindre les groupes subordonnés à s'adapter à leurs manières d'être et à leurs expectations. Ce n'est qu'après que le dixneuvième siècle ait été le témoin d'un glissement vers des méthodes de production à haute teneur en capitaux que les écoles sont devenues le locus principal de mise en oeuvre de la politique gouvernementale. On a eu, alors, recours aux écoles d'une façon directe et massive pour augmenter les formes traditionnelles de contrôle social.

     

Relevance in pedagogy and the problem of educational quality in Latin America

The educational reforms implemented in various Latin America countries at the end of the 60's and early 70's shared a common desire to ruralize rural primary schooling in the search for relevance. Some reforms promoted differentiated content for rural areas while others, notably the Mexican, emphasized the adaptation of standard material to the local context through the use of a progressive methodology of teaching.Questions are raised as to whether the Mexican approach is any the less dualist for adopting standard material and whether it represents a viable strategy for the improvement of the quality of education in rural schools. The progressive model of teaching proposed is seen to be based on a number of assumptions of unproven validity, especially with regards to its ability to promote social and political awareness. In practical terms it is seen to depend for its success on types of teachers and pupils that are largely unknown in rural areas, and on a type of school organization that should precede any such reform of methods.More a philosophy than a practical plan of action, the progressive methodology is unlikely to act as an adequate substitute for more expensive but more determined policies designed to tackle the basic problems of truancy, drop-out and poor pupil performance.     

高等教育国际化进程中的美国"富布赖特计划"评说

“富布赖特计划”对世界不同民族之间相互理解和融洽起着无与伦比的作用,虽然它成立的初衷在于增进世界民族相互理解,但其派出学者的学科领域却重在输出西方文化价值观念,而且在其交流过程中存在不平等现象,尤其表现在外族文化对本族文化的渗透等方面。     

斯普朗格职业教育思想述评

爱德华·斯普朗格建构的人文主义教育学的陶冶理论与职业教育一体化的理论有其独特的历史地位,他重视职业的文化传承和创造作用.强调基础教育、职业教育和普通教育协调发展的职业教育思想对我国职业教育的改革与发展具有启示作用.     

综论教育交流与中华文化

教育,使人类社会走向文明且日益进步;交流,使教育事业得以创新而不断发展。作为人类一种古老而又弥新的文明,中华文化正是通过教育交流而得以形成、发展、更新和播衍。纵观中华民族自古以来的教育交流,既有将自身现有的最先进文化推向世界的活动,亦有从其他先进的国家或民族摄取自身亟需的文明因子的行为。在这种传输与求取、播衍与认同人类新知的过程中,中华民族通过种种途径一直未曾停歇教育交流活动,并且借助这种活动来逐步推进人类文明。     

20世纪90年代以来成人教育管理理论研究

成人教育管理理论研究在20世纪90年代呈现出新的发展态势。从研究现状和研究趋向两方面梳理并反思这一理论研究的发展,以期能够推进成人教育管理理论研究的深化发展。     

中国与东盟国家教育输出概述

在经济全球化和区域一体化的背景下,国际教育服务越来越成为国际服务贸易的重要增长点.招收国际学生是当前各国教育服务输出的主要途径.本文着重对"十五"期间中国教育输出的基本情况,特别是中国与东盟国家教育输出概况作简要的叙述.     

Cinderella and the search for the missing shoe: Latin American adult education policy and practice during the 1990s

This article examines the main trends in adult education policy in Latin America during the 1990s. During this period, in spite of the commitments made by national governments in Jomtien in 1990 and ratified in Dakar in 2000, adult education in Latin America has been marginalized and neglected, both in terms of public policy and public funding. This paper raises different hypotheses in order to explain this dynamic and the variety of strategies that have been proposed to garner support for the field. Adult education in Latin America is now at a crossroads, and the collective search for its mission, purpose and identity is as urgent as ever. In discussing the revitalization of adult education in Latin America, the debates undertaken in the region by governmental and non-governmental organizations in the preparation for and in the follow-up to the 1997 Hamburg International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA V) are described. In the final section, after summarizing the main issues and achievements, the article outlines several challenges for the future.     

试析清政府新政时期教育政策的调整

清末“新政”时期 ,清政府为挽救统治危机 ,不得不对旧有的教育政策进行大幅度地调整 :废除科举制度 ,建立新式教育系统 ;优先发展师范教育 ;初步向国民普及教育迈进等。由于有相对独立的教育行政机构的保障 ,加以较为积极的社会捐助教育资金政策的施行 ,这种调整在一定程度上得以实现 ,为中国教育由传统向近代的转型奠定了初步基础。但因其政策调整的指导思想仍未跳出“中体西用”的窠臼 ,加之当时财政状况的衰敝 ,其实际成效则大为逊色     

杜波伊斯的教育理论和理念评述

W.E.B.杜波伊斯有独树一帜的教育观.其教育思想对非裔美国人的教育影响巨大且深远,对今天中国的教育改革也不无参考价值.他对教育之本质与目的的理解、对教育之社会功能的认识以及对黑人教育结构的设想等都体现了他的教育理论与理念.