Effects of Classroom Structure on Student Achievement Goal Orientation

Abstract

The authors assessed how classroom structure influenced student achievement goal orientation for mathematics. Three elementary school classes were assigned randomly to 1 classroom structure condition: token economy, contingency contract, or control. Students in each condition were required to set individual achievement goals on a weekly basis. The authors assessed differences in goal orientation by comparing the number of learning vs. performance goals that students set within and across classroom structure conditions. Results indicated that students in the contingency-contract condition set significantly more learning goals than did students in other classroom structure conditions. No significant differences were found for performance goals across classroom structure conditions. Within classroom structure conditions, students in the contingency-contract group set significantly more learning goals than performance goals, whereas students in the token-economy condition set significantly more performance goals than learning goals.     

Personal and Contextual Factors Associated With Students’ Cheating in Science

The authors conducted a correlational study to investigate the relations among seventh-grade Turkish students’ cheating behavior, academic self-efficacy beliefs, usage of self-handicapping strategies, personal goal orientations, and classroom goal structures specific to the science domain. The Patterns of Adaptive Learning Scales was administered to 1,950 seventh-grade students enrolled in 12 public schools. The authors conducted hierarchical linear modeling analyses to measure to what extent personal and contextual factors can be used to predict students’ cheating behavior. Analyses revealed that although students’ cheating behavior was positively predicted by performance-approach goals, it was negatively predicted by mastery goals. Students who used more self-handicapping strategies and who were less self-efficacious were also more likely to demonstrate cheating behavior. The authors found that the mastery goal–structured science-learning environment, in which understanding the material and self-improvement was emphasized, discouraged cheating.     

Primary teachers’ perceptions of multi-grade classroom grouping practices to support inclusive education

ABSTRACT

Previous research has focused on inclusive classroom practices in mainstream primary schools but little is documented regarding practices in multi-grade classrooms. The purpose of this paper was to report mainstream primary teachers’ perceptions of multi-grade classroom grouping practices to support inclusive education specifically for students with special educational needs (SEN). The findings indicated that despite the difficulty of covering the curricula of the various grades, multi-grade teachers reported the implementation of flexible grouping practices (ability, mixed ability, social) for academic or social reasons. However, the tension between meeting the needs of the grade groups and the individual student with SEN were apparent, with some practices documented not necessarily inclusive. The importance of using appropriate grouping practices to enable teachers to include all students, thereby avoiding potentially negative effects of treating some students differently was emphasised.     

我国实行随班就读的困难分析

全纳教育是国际上倡导的一种新的教育理念,在特殊教育领域被理解为将特殊教育需要儿童纳入普通教育系统,享有和其他儿童一样的平等的受教育权．随班就读是全纳教育在我国的具体实践,但是这种模式在实践过程中面临着很多困难,本文主要从支撑力量、观念态度、发展差异、师资力量、配套改革、支援系统六个方面对困难进行分析。     

Promotion of students’ mastery goal orientations: does TARGET work?

Achievement goal orientations are important for students’ ongoing motivation. Students with a mastery goal orientation show the most advantageous achievement and motivational patterns. Much research has been conducted to identify classroom structures which promote students’ mastery goal orientation. The TARGET framework is one example of these efforts and provides six instructional dimensions (task, authority, recognition, grouping, evaluation, time), which should form a classroom structure that fosters a mastery goal orientation. The aim of this study was to examine the entire multi-dimensional TARGET framework and its impact on mastery goal orientation in a longitudinal study with 1680 secondary school students. CFAs confirmed the existence of one latent factor TARGET comprising the six proposed dimensions. This study also provides the first empirical evidence, based on longitudinal data, that TARGET has a positive impact on student mastery goal orientations.     

论课堂教学中价值教育的两类教学目标：预设与生成

教学理应包含价值教学,它与知识教学是同时进行的。课堂教学中的价值教育是指伴随着知识教学而展开的价值观教育活动,它的教学目标分为两大类：预设的价值目标与生成的价值目标。     

成就目标定向理论研究进展

在回顾了成就目标理论渊源的基础上,着重介绍成就目标的特征和分类,总结了动机模式的三种不同观点和修正理论的四种假说,提出了进一步研究成就目标理论的新视角。     

全纳教育呼唤中国完善特殊教育政策和教育立法

\"全纳教育\"是有影响的国际共识之一。意大利、美国、英国等发达国家是世界上较早实施全纳教育政策的国家,拥有成熟和完善的\"全纳教育\"体系。将这些国家的\"全纳教育政策\"与中国的特殊教育政策进行对比,可以找出中国特殊教育政策的不足。国际与国内的教育发展形势需要中国在\"全纳教育\"基本理念的指导下完善特殊教育政策和特殊教育立法。     

试论五年制高职学生创业教育目标取向

五年制高职教育是高等教育的重要组成部分,在目前就业形势总体严峻的背景下,党和政府提出必须重视大学生的创业教育,引导和鼓励大学生自主创业,以创业带动就业。然而,人们普遍认为对五年制高职学生开展创业教育既无可能,也无必要。其主要原因:一是由于五年制高职的特殊性,二是人们在五年制高职学生创业教育目标取向上存在认识偏差。只有确定了正确的目标取向,并妥善解决创业教育合格师资队伍建设,构建五年制高职创业教育的科学体系,并加强创业教育实践基地建设等,五年制高职创业教育才会得到有效开展。     

Educator–student communication in sex & relationship education: a comparison of teacher and peer-led interventions

This paper presents findings from a comparative study of peer- and teacher-led Sex and Relationship Education (SRE). One lesson delivered by a peer educator, and one lesson delivered by a teacher was observed with the aim of exploring the communicative process between educators and students within SRE. It is claimed that open communication between students and peer educators promotes the adoption of positive attitudes to sexual health, making it a potential alternative to teacher-led provision. Yet to our knowledge, no studies have investigated the communicative process within peer-led adolescent health interventions to examine factors underpinning its potential efficacy. The development of a coding scheme to measure the extent to which educators and students are communicating openly within SRE is used to describe the communicative process between sex educators and students, characterise differences in communication within peer- and teacher-led conditions and discuss how these differences affect student participation in SRE. Results suggest interaction of students in the peer-led condition was different to that of students receiving teacher-led SRE; and provide valuable insight into educator–student communication in the context of classroom-based SRE.     

Inclusive practices at the teacher and class level: the experts’ view

One concern for teachers and schools is how to implement inclusion. This paper examines its implementation at the teacher and class level in Styria, (a state in Austria). To do so, a qualitative study with expert interviews was conducted. Twenty-five experts from seven schools and four Centres for Inclusion and Special Education were interviewed. This paper highlights four areas: (1) teachers’ attitudes; (2) co-teaching; (3) individualised instruction; and (4) classroom composition. The results showed that for the inclusion process to be successful, positive attitudes towards inclusion of children with special educational needs are critical. Furthermore, negative attitudes towards inclusion can change if resources and support systems are available. Like every change process, high reliability is necessary to promote inclusion. The special education teacher was seen as an important resource, thus meaningful cooperation between the general and special education teacher was considered as a first step in implementing inclusive education. The use of differentiated teaching methods, along with individual initiatives, were other indispensable practices. According to the experts, these differentiated teaching instructions are implemented better in heterogeneous classrooms, meaning that a classroom composition that corresponds to the normal heterogeneity of the student population is seen as an essential part of teaching.     

中国现实主义话剧与西方内向型戏剧

中国现实主义话剧主流的形成,不仅受到西方外向型戏剧的影响,更接受了西方内向型戏剧的影响。西方内向型戏剧既促使中国现实主义话剧迅速走向成熟和繁荣,真正确立了话剧在中国文学中的地位,又促进了中国现实主义话剧风格多样化的形成。     

教育戏剧——基础教育的明日之星

教育戏剧是以教育为主要目的的带有戏剧与剧场性质的教学方法与教育模式。教育戏剧发源于英美,在西方和我国港台地区的基础教育中已经得到长足的发展与广泛的应用。我国大陆的教育戏剧刚刚起步,其当前发展最现实的切入点应是面向中小学教师的戏剧教学法的培训以及面向师范生的“教育戏剧课”。     

教育戏剧的定义：＂教育戏剧学＂的概念基石

汉语中的＂教育戏剧＂一词最初直译于英国的DIE（Drama in Education）,单指学校课堂教学中所采用的戏剧方法,但在当前的使用中却常常发生概念泛化、混淆等现象。为了使未来的＂教育戏剧学＂能够有一个牢靠的概念基础,在汉语语境下重新定义教育戏剧的概念以增加其外延是从其混乱中突围的一种选择。教育戏剧应该是广义戏剧与广义教育的交集,即通过想象与扮演的方式有意识地再现并传递善的人类经验的社会活动。     

The role of goal orientations in students’ perceptions of classroom assessment in higher education

Students’ perception of assessment methods plays a significant role in determining their effort towards learning and their assessment tasks. Similar to the role of goal orientation in predicting students’ classroom learning, this study aims to examine how students’ goal orientations influence their perception of classroom assessments. Using a qualitative research design, the data was collected from 41 students enrolled in master’s degree programme at a public university in northern Malaysia, using reflection notes and semi-structured interviews. Data was analysed using a typological approach to inductively develop the categories. The findings demonstrated that perception of mastery goal oriented students considerably contrasted with those with performance goal orientation. The distinctions in perception is discussed under four categories: assessment as a process or product, preferences for modes, reasons for effort and feeling and emotions. The implications of the findings are discussed for higher education practitioners.     

同伴接纳、友谊与学业成绩的关系探微

同伴关系表现为两种,一种是同伴接纳,一种是友谊.通过分析友谊与同伴接纳的关系及它们在青少年发展和社会适应中的不同功能,揭示这两种同伴关系对学业成绩的不同影响,以期对青少年的教育有所帮助.     

关于推动教育戏剧发展的若干思考

教育戏剧(Drama In Education,DIE)注重把戏剧作为一种教育的工具和手段,突出和强化了戏剧的教育功能.在学校推广教育戏剧既有利于改进教学方法、丰富教育手段,又有利于学生综合素质和各种能力的培养.推广教育戏剧与加强戏剧教育是紧密相关的,两者之间是相辅相成的.而戏剧教育的普及和教育戏剧的推广,又与各种演出实践活动是紧密结合在一起的,因此大力推动校园戏剧的繁荣发展,无疑是一个十分重要的环节.