试析我国非政府组织的中国特色与成因

非政府组织（NGO）是一个介于政府体系和市场体系之外的庞大的社会组织体系,又称为第三体系或第三部门。与西方发达国家的非政府组织相比,我国的非政府组织具有自身鲜明的特色——政治参与的非政治化,党在非政府组织发展中的特殊地位,与政府以支持和配合为主的关系等。存在这种差异的主要原因在于中西非政府组织产生与发展的路径、担负的历史任务不同。对这些问题的阐释将使人们对我国非政府组织的基本情况有一个更为明确的认识。     

发挥民间组织潜能为构建和谐江苏服务

民间组织是成熟社会政治架构中的重要组成部分,它在促进社会稳定与构建和谐社会中发挥着重要作用.江苏省民间组织发展状况良好但也存在一些问题.政府应通过转变政府职能,弱化民间组织的行政色彩,引导民间组织积极参与公共事务管理,加大对民间组织的培育及支持,使其更好地为构建和谐江苏服务.     

论非政府组织在维护我国社会政治稳定中的作用

中国的非政府组织在改革开放以来获得快速发展,在社会生活中发挥着越来越重要的作用,其对中国社会的影响日渐扩展,是维护中国社会政治稳定的重要力量。转型期的中国,充满各种社会风险,社会矛盾比较突出,社会政治稳定面临挑战,维护稳定的任务十分艰巨;积极发展非政府组织,发挥其在维护稳定方面的作用,对推进社会主义和谐社会建设具有重要意义。     

当前我国非政府组织发展问题探析

中国非政府组织的发展是中国经济、政治以及社会改革发展的必然要求，诽政府组织的活动能够有效地促进政治民主，塑造民主参与型的政治文化，有利于增强政府权威。当前我国非政府组织在发展中存在着官办色彩浓厚、规模较小、筹集资金能力较低、管理落后等问题。为此，我们需采取以下对策：厘定政府与非政府组织的地位和职能，摆正两者的关系；加强政府对非政府组织的指导与管理，优化非政府组织的运作机制；对非政府组织进行统一规划，使其健康、平衡发展；制定和完善有关非政府组织的法律法规，对非政府组织依法管理。     

NGOs,Pluralism and Advisory Services—Timor Leste

Abstract

Purpose: This article analyses the role, approach, issues and opportunities faced by non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in the promotion of agriculture in Timor Leste from independence through to the countrywide roll out of a public extension service in 2009.

Design/methodology/approach: The research draws on semi-structured interviews with NGO personnel, local, national and international, actively involved in agricultural development to ascertain how organisations engage with communities, their objectives, inputs, coverage and impacts. The analysis is based on the framework developed by Birner et al. (2009) for pluralistic advisory services, and the discussion is framed by contemporary NGO discourse.

Findings:This article argues that NGOs have a central role in agricultural development, with particular advantages that can be built upon, however there must be explicit acknowledgement of the complex nature of the NGO and civil society, and a critical awareness of the need for strategic thinking, communication and coordination for effective aid.

Practical implication: NGOs play a central role in agricultural development. There is a need for a more nuanced understanding of the opportunities and limitations of the NGO sector, both as service providers but also more broadly as part of civil society.

Originality/value: Funding directed to the NGO sector for implementation of development projects is prolific. There is substantial discourse on partnerships between NGOs and other actors. However, little of the debate appears within discussions on agricultural service provision.     

Reducing the vulnerability of young Cambodians to HIV / STDs by mobilising and strengthening local NGO sector. RAS/88/P15

This project seeks to help reduce the vulnerability of young Cambodians aged 12-25 to HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) by strengthening nongovernmental organization (NGO) capacity to develop sustainable, effective and appropriate responses to HIV/AIDS and STDs. The strategies include strengthening local NGO capacity, sharing technical support concerning HIV/AIDS, and working together to develop information, education and communication on HIV/AIDS. Main activities included in the project are: 1) enable NGOs to undertake broader response to HIV/STDs by mobilizing, selecting, contracting, monitoring and supervising local NGO projects; 2) enhance local NGO capacity to work with the youth by organizing specialist training workshops, providing technical support and training in external relations and sustainability, and promoting local NGO/youth volunteer exchange and exposure programs; 3) strengthen the capacity of local NGOs through training, skill building, technical support and development of NGO support program; and 4) improve the knowledge base of programming for youth by identifying, documenting and disseminating effective programming models and tools.     

非政府环保组织与联合国气候谈判

近些年来非政府环保组织在全球范围内迅速发展,并为全球环保事业做出了巨大贡献。本文将以著名的国际非政府组织联盟——气候行动联盟为例,探讨非政府环保组织在联合国气候谈判中发挥的作用,正式国际合作制度在应对全球环境问题时的缺陷以及非政府环保组织自身的独特优势为其提供了发展的空间,非政府环保组织的积极参与将推动联合国气候谈判更公开、透明、民主、公平。     

Popular pedagogy and the changing political landscape: a case study of a women's housing movement in South Africa

This paper sets out to explore the relationship between popular education and the changing South African political landscape through case study research of the Victoria Mxenge Housing Development Association. The research took place over an extended period of time from 1992–2003 and discusses how popular education was advocated by the South African Homeless People's Federation and its parent NGO (People's Dialogue); how it was implemented, how an increasing disjuncture between teaching and learning occurred, and how pedagogy was shaped by both political and personal factors. The paper discusses the interactions between social movements and NGOs and the limitations of social movements and popular education. It argues for a more nuanced conceptual understanding of learning in social movements within development contexts.     

The impact of Nordic adult education ideas on the development of a democratic society in Lithuania

This article analyses the role of the cooperation with and the influence of the Nordic countries on the development of a democratic society in Lithuania through adult education since the reinstatement of its independence from Soviet regime in March 1990 to the present. The authors focus on three main areas: (1) the training of Lithuanian adult educators; (2) the establishment and development of NGOs; and (3) the implications for a Lithuanian policy of adult education. Within the framework of Nordic-Baltic cooperation established among five Nordic and three Baltic countries (NB8) in 1992, Lithuanian adult educators seized the opportunity to visit Scandinavian institutions and projects. Experiencing Nordic adult education ideas has resulted in a marked shift in Lithuanian adult educators’ values, methodology and careers; and in the establishment of a series of very influential umbrella associations as well as hundreds of NGOs in Lithuania which work with adults and support functioning democratic values in society. This shift is related to the civic responsibility and active participation growing out of the bottom-up approaches of group work, cooperation, discussions and learning circles which are so inherent in the Nordic tradition of adult education. The internalisation of new democratic values was more complicated than expected for many Lithuanian politicians, adult educators and NGO leaders in terms of how political decisions were perceived and implemented. Furthermore, the influence of the Nordic-Baltic cooperation in adult education may also be traced in adult education policy implications in Lithuania. Some changes in the policies of contemporary Lithuania have not been successful and even failed to promote a democratic society.     

论政府与民间组织合作互强的逻辑选择

改革开放的深化带来了民间组织的“爆发式”增长。一方面,民间组织需要向政府谋求生存和发展的空间;另一方面,政府在社会治理上存在失灵现象,需民间组织发挥拾遗补缺的重要作用。民间组织与政府之间是相互合作的关系,政府为民间组织的发展提供制度保障,而民间组织协助政府解决改革深入阶段所面临的各种经济与社会问题,二者在合作模式下的协同治理中不断得到加强。民间组织是一种自上而下的政府选择行为,从近期来看,政府的主导地位不会改变;但从长远来看,民间组织的民间性将逐步得到加强,其自主性和自我管理能力会逐渐增强,与此相应,社会治理的架构也随之由政府对社会的控制走向政府与社会共同实行的民主治理。     

Vocational Education and Training for women and youth in Palestine: Poverty reduction and gender equality under occupation

This article explores the possibilities and limitations of attempts to improve economic and human development of marginalised groups Women and Youth, within the overall political and economic context of the Occupied Palestinian Territories (oPt). This is carried through the particular cases of two successful models of Vocational Education and Training (VET) provided by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO), both of which come from explicitly Christian traditions of thinking about social justice and the role of a holistic approach to VET placing human well-being at its heart. The article draws on human development approaches, from a rights based approach and a capability approach. This article draws attention to the challenges related to the overall economic and political context, and its limitations at overcoming marginalisation, reducing poverty and enhancing wellbeing. It illustrates the effect of the human development approach on expanding the effects of VET within such context, increasing labour force participation rates, employment and income generation of youth and women. It highlights the programmes’ efforts to enable marginalised youth to develop their capabilities in order to achieve their choices, illustrating that VET and the efforts of NGOs provide an important mechanism to respond to the overall challenge. Finally, the article draws attention to gender-related challenges and suggests employment-enabling policies.     

Scaling-up successfully: Pathways to replication for educational NGOs

Non-government organisations (NGOs) are big players in international development, critical to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and constantly under pressure to ‘achieve more’. Scaling-up their initiatives successfully and sustainably can be an efficient and cost effective way for NGOs to increase their impact across a range of developmental outcomes, but relatively little attention has been paid in the education sector to how best this may be done and debates appear to have stalled. One approach to scaling-up is replication, on which this paper focuses. While there is no one universally applicable path through which an educational NGO can achieve successful replication, more can be done to support choice of the best path to follow, with respect to specific NGO circumstances and the context within which it operates – and hopes to operate in future. This paper presents four known paths to replication alongside new illustrative diagrams to explore their advantages and disadvantages, and highlights the need for a fifth approach that does not appear in current literature. ‘Network replication’ is proposed as new pathway that draws on known strengths of networks and offers a learning-oriented approach to scaling-up. While inevitably not without its potential problems, Network replication is a scaling-up option that deserves consideration.     

刍议国际非政府组织国际政治参与的研究范式

近年来,对国际非政府组织国际政治参与的研究出现了跨学科、多元化的取向。依照其理论建构原则和内在框架,大部分研究可归为三种主要的研究范式：多元主义、跨国主义和集体行动。多元主义范式强调国际非政府组织的游说,跨国主义强调直接的平行参与,集体行动则强调体制外的社会运动。它们在弥补传统国际理论不足的同时,在理论适用性、框架及其价值观等方面也存在着诸多值得进一步商榷的问题。     

非政府组织的内涵、功能与合法性

非政府组织是指合法的、非政府的、非政党的、非营利的、民间志愿性的社会组织。中国的非政府组织与政府的关系是“合作”而非“对抗”,它们作为市场与政府之外的中间调节机制在各个领域发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。非政府组织的合法性主要体现在宪法规定、行政法律规定及国际条约规定中。     

Predicting Meaningful Employment for Refugees: The Influence of Personal Characteristics and Developmental Factors on Employment Status and Hourly Wages

Refugee demographic and developmental variables were evaluated as predictors of employment outcomes following a six-month non-governmental organization (NGO) directed resettlement period. The sample consisted of 85 refugee adults (18 to 54 years) who were resettling in a medium sized urban setting in the western United States. Demographics included sex, age, education level, and English proficiency. Developmental factors included number of years spent as a refugee. Results suggested that for each year spent as a refugee there was a corresponding decrease in the ability to secure meaningful employment. Implications for vocational interventions with refugees are discussed within the framework of Social Cognitive Career Theory.     

The ideology of democracy/dictatorship as youth migrate

ABSTRACT

This article is an exploration in the mode of thinking of refugee youth on the relations of ‘democracy’ and ‘dictatorship.’ Tracing the geopolitical relations of authoritarian and democratic forms of governing we demonstrate the manner in which these political forms are socio-historically interdependent yet appear as politically distinct, which we understand as an ideological form of consciousness. Expanding out from interviews and focus groups conducted with refugee youth from the Middle East and North Africa who arrived in Canada to resettle, our analysis attempts to go deeper than that simply creating space for the voices of refugee youth. Instead, we want to theorise from the data to reconceptualise the social and economic projects that have been named as democratisation or youth at-risk. The conscious reproduction of democracy and dictatorship as distinct political forms requires that refugee youth learn to live in and act upon their world through an ideological mode of consciousness that furthers the relations of global capitalism and encourages young people to align their aspirations with neoliberalism. We, therefore, aim to reorient theorisations of democracy and dictatorship, and in doing so, challenge the forms of consciousness and praxis that arise from the bourgeois regime of political rights.     

Not so altruistic? Some keys elements about the knowledge,perception and participation of university students in NGOs / ¿No tan altruistas? Algunas claves sobre el conocimiento,la percepción y la participación del estudiantado universitario en ONG

This article analyses the knowledge, perception and participation of university students in NGOs. The social group analysed has a very positive perception towards volunteering as well as a life situation and preparation that, in theory, facilitates their participation in such activities. However, their effective participation is much lower than the levels shown by potential volunteers who would like to participate. We have identified two elements that stand between the possibility and reality: the lack of information and the time available. In this sense, universities appear as institutions capable of connecting the needs and demands of NGOs and students.     

Adult education programmes of NGOs operating in Non-Western contexts: a review of empirical literature

ABSTRACT

Adult education is a key component of worldwide collaborative efforts to achieve social justice aims, such as the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Such collaborative efforts require the involvement of all sectors, including non-governmental organisations (NGOs). In particular, given the prevalence of globalising and neoliberal influences on development, NGOs providing adult education programmes must navigate complex political and financial hurdles in addition to cultural differences. To evolve our understanding of the role NGOs and their efforts play in international development education, this systematic literature review investigates adult education programmes of NGOs operating in Non-Western contexts. Findings indicate programmes require stakeholder commitment to social justice, concerted efforts to adapt to social and economic contexts, and intentional cultivation of local and international partnerships. While findings align with a general understanding of effective practices within different cultural contexts, this synthesis of empirical work provides a foundation for deeper understanding of how to implement such culturally relevant practices and improve the path forward for NGO adult education programmes and partnerships.     

A comparative case-study of school-LEA-NGO interactions across different socio-economic strata in Israel

This study examines the interaction between non-governmental organization (NGO), the Local Education Authority (LEA), and public schools in communities of different socioeconomic backgrounds in Israel. We characterize how schools serving more and less affluent communities create, cultivate, and preserve interactions with NGOs; how NGOs form, and sustain interactions with schools serving communities of different socioeconomic backgrounds; and how this process is maintained through LEA regulation. We show how school–NGO–LEA interaction is largely shaped by the affluence of respective schools’ communities within given educational settings. Analysis of interviews conducted with different stakeholders exposed two main themes: (1) the differing capabilities of various actors in this interaction to express agency; (2) the power relations between involved parties, whereby NGO and LEA impose a global agenda on local schools (particularly those serving less affluent communities) – occasionally in contrast to the needs as perceived by schools’ leaders. Our conclusions offer some insights into the nature and possible consequences of the interaction between third sector organizations and schools serving communities of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds.