论春秋时期郑国的外交政策

春秋诸国林立，争战不断，郑国在不同阶段采取了不同的外交策略；建国初期实行强硬霸主外交，中期采取与诸小国共通的“唯强是从”态度，后期向强国争取自主平等对弱国威兵相加。郑国这种外交政策的变化与其国内和当时国际形势的变化紧密相连，它既反映了春秋小国外交的共同特点，又体现了郑国外交的特色。     

Civics and Values Education Curriculum Policies in the United States: A Survey of the States

This article reports the results of a survey conducted in the fall of 1997. The purpose of this study was to survey the extant policies in civics and values education across the 50 United States. The survey addressed three areas concerning civics and values education: curriculum, textbook selection, and teacher licensure. The findings were: One, most states mandate or suggest civics education curriculum and policies while many fewer states have curriculum and policies addressing values education. Two, many states have teacher licensure requirements for civics instruction at the secondary level; however, no teacher licensure policies exist with respect to the instruction of values. Three, states are almost equally divided between the state‐adoption and local‐control methods of textbook adoption. The authors discuss six important trends and issues that emerge from this survey.     

Converge or not converge: the European Union and higher education policies in the Netherlands,Belgium/Flanders and Germany

This article examines the impact of European integration on higher education policies of the Netherlands, Belgium/Flanders and Germany. The analysis of higher education policies in the three countries is part of a broader project, which focuses on a majority of E.U. member states. The selection of the three countries for this paper is not based on any methodological considerations. The question addressed is if higher education policies of member states are converging, diverging or not changing at all, and whether such developments are a consequence of the policies of the European Union (E.U.) or of other factors (e.g., the globalization of the market or of institutions imitating each other). A preliminary assessment leads to the conclusion that a number of important indications of convergence are present in national policy arrangements in the field of higher education (in particular student mobility and quality assurance, but less in the structure of higher education systems My attention will be focused on the structure of higher education systems, on quality assurance and on student and teacher mobility. These domains appear to cover most relevant issues pertaining to higher education policies in the European Union member states (funding of higher education is sometimes considered as a separate domain, but it can also be regarded as an element of the structure of higher education systems, while it is also related to the issue of quality assurance).). The European Union, however, does not have much legal authority in the policy sector in question. Thus, an explanation for converging national policies may lie elsewhere, in part in the concept of “institutional isomorphism”.     

欧盟基础教育政策的主要内容、实施路径及影响

欧盟基础教育政策由宏观条约宪章、周期战略、教育与培训的战略框架（十年规划）,以及学校教育质量、幼儿教育与护理、学生关键能力、辍学和移民儿童教育等政策组成。这些政策主要依托夸美纽斯计划而得以实施。欧盟基础教育政策的实施增强了教育的欧洲维度,促进了教育公平,提高了教育质量。欧盟基础教育政策在制定和实施过程中,扩大欧盟对基础教育的干预力度和基础教育对欧盟一体化的影响力度,通过合作联动欧盟所有成员国基础教育,为全球化、区域化的教育问题提供典范。     

An Examination of Changes to State Civic Education Requirements, 2004–2016

Across the country, states are considering policies that support civic learning among youth. Recent initiatives at the state level have changed graduation requirements and state assessments around high school civics. These initiatives can be grouped into three types: coursework, assessments, and accountability. The first type, coursework, refers to whether a state’s graduation requirements include a course in civics. The second, assessments, encompasses state requirements that students be assessed on civics or citizenship education. The third type, accountability, refers to whether a state’s accountability system includes state assessments in civics or citizenship education. The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to describe state policies in civics education and the variation in them among the American states, (2) to document the changes in state policies between 2004 and 2016, and (3) to help unpack the reasons behind changes to civics education policy among the American states. We find considerable variation in civics education policies across states, as well as substantial changes within states over time. Using event history analysis, we exploit the variation to examine the extent to which political, economic, and demographic factors inside a state as well as the actions of neighboring or regional states condition adoption of assessment policies. We find evidence that the proportion of Hispanic and black populations in a state are positively associated with adoption and discuss implications and areas for future research.     

社区教育经费投入不足的公共产品属性特征分析

社区教育是一种具有较强个人收益的竞争性、排他性准公共产品,强调国家和个人合理分担成本,因此可能在政府干预优先次序等级中排在比较后的位置,容易导致经费供应不足。教育部2015年社区教育工作情况调查统计数据也表明,社区教育经费没有列入经常性财政开支中,并且从最高值、平均值、中位值、最低值均远远低于普通教育、职业教育等教育形式,直接影响了社区教育政策的执行。     

转型时期我国义务教育公平的内涵与政策取向

教育公平是一个历史性的、多层次的概念。推进转型时期我国义务教育公平发展,需要确立正确的教育政策价值取向,要突出教育政策的公平性、坚持"义务教育优先"、关注个体的教育选择权、突出弱势关怀精神和"以人为本"的政策理念,从而保障教育政策能够公平地配置公共教育资源,促进义务教育公共服务均等化,使所有受教育者公平地接受义务教育。     

The Adoption of Prepaid Tuition and Savings Plans in the American States: An Event History Analysis

The past two decades have been a period of far-reaching policy experimentation in state financing of higher education. Between 1986 and 1999, 21 states adopted prepaid college tuition plans. Thirty-one states adopted some form of college savings plan. Both kinds of policies were designed to enhance the affordability of higher education during a time of growing concern about college costs. Using event history analysis, we explore various factors leading to the programs’ adoption, paying particular to the role of policy privatization, electoral competition and timing, and certain system characteristics of higher education. We find that more liberal governments were more likely to adopt prepaid tuition plans, that states with more competitive elections were less likely to adopt any type of prepaid or savings plan, and that states with decentralized governance were more likely to adopt one of these kinds of policies.     

澳大利亚土著人教育优惠政策:进程、动因及价值取向

澳大利亚联邦是一个民族多样性显著,高度重视教育,土著人教育发展显著的国家。澳大利亚政府面对土著人发展的境况,以本国的历史为基础,以整个澳大利亚的社会、文化和经济的发展为支撑,在尊重土著人与非土著人之间的差异的前提下,针对土著人教育发展而制定了一系列优惠的政策措施。澳大利亚土著人教育优惠政策彰显出了作为典型的多元文化国家的澳大利亚追求民主平等以及文化的多样性的价值取向。     

美国州际高等教育协调与合作机制及其启示

州际高等教育协定和州际学费互惠协议,是美国州际高等教育协调与合作机制的两种主要形式。其作用主要包括实现区域高等教育合作和资源共享,解决州际高等教育矛盾和争端,帮助制定和实施区域性高等教育政策,扩大高等教育入学机会。美国的做法对我国建立区域高等教育协调与合作机制具有重要的启示意义。     

Engaging Practitioners in State School Improvement Initiatives

For most of U.S. history, local communities were the primary arbiters of school quality. Beginning in the mid-twentieth century, states began assuming more and more control over school standards and outcomes. The question we seek to answer is whether and the extent to which a particular kind of local voice—the voice of education practitioners—is represented in states' current, significant initiatives to improve low-performing schools. In the article, we focus on the role that practitioner knowledge played in the development of school improvement policies across three state education agencies. We draw on interviews, surveys, and document analyses collected for a larger exploratory study of knowledge utilization. Contrary to earlier research showing weak or uneven connections between state agencies and practitioners, we found that practitioner advice networks were generally stronger than states' research advice networks. We found ample illustration of staff using this advice to make sense of research for their own contexts, and for their own approaches to school improvement. Agencies formed ties to practitioners in districts and schools, in professional membership associations, within their own agencies, or in other agencies wrestling with similar problems. Who they turned to differed depending on earlier improvement policies and institutional histories.     

Higher education in small territories : Political transition and development in Macau

Scholars and practitioners have argued with increasing force that small states are not simply small-scale versions of large states. Rather, they have suggested, small states have distinctive generic features and require distinctive policies. This paper focuses on Macau, which is an autonomous Special Administrative Region within China, and which has features which are comparable to those of small sovereign states. The paper shows ways in which Macau’s small size has shaped higher education in the territory. Small size is of course not the only determinant of the shape and scale of higher education in Macau, but it is nevertheless shown to be a significant determinant. Through this case study, the paper contributes to the broader literature on education in small states.     

Centralization and diversity: Evaluating the effects of government policies in U.S.A. and Dutch higher education

The article details a comparative study of higher education policies in the U.S.A. and The Netherlands. The policies are similar in their attempt to centralize the governance of public higher education in state and national systems in an attempt to promote and maintain diversity. The authors examine the policies in the context of previous research on higher education and provide data that shed light on the growth of degree programmes within public universities. Findings show that public higher education systems in several U.S.A. states and The Netherlands have not grown less diverse over time. Other findings provide mixed support for the argument that centralization is an effective means of limiting homogeneous growth in public systems of higher education.     

企业参与职业教育的激励政策探析

企业参与职业教育的积极性不足是制约职业教育进一步发展的主要因素。目前,我国已出台了一系列促进企业参与职业教育的政策,但这些政策及实施仍存在缺乏可操作性,对企业激励不足,约束弱化、监督乏力等问题。为调动企业参与职教的积极性,我国应借鉴相关理论,制定更清晰的对企业的税收优惠政策,并强化政策约束,同时加大对政策执行的监督力度。     

Lifelong learning policy in two national contexts

This article describes and discusses the development of lifelong learning policy in two EU member states, Denmark and Portugal. The purpose is to show how different societal and historical contexts shape the development and implementation of lifelong learning policies, even though these policies have significant common elements. As a basis for the discussion an inventory of policy elements is presented. Denmark and Portugal have been chosen as examples of smaller EU member states with different historical, social and cultural characteristics. Developments and policies in the two countries, including the links with EU education policy, are described. The discussion includes comparison drawing on the inventory of policy elements. A main conclusion is that the different historical trajectories of the two countries remain very important for present-day education and for the advancement of lifelong learning policy. Early development of public primary education and popular adult education has provided a strong foundation for lifelong learning policy in Denmark while in Portugal not only institutional provision but also popular demand for lifelong learning has had to be built up relatively recently. EU education policy has had much more impact on lifelong learning policy in Portugal than in Denmark, because Portugal has had to depend much more on economic support from the EU social fund.     

北欧国家外语教育政策与实践——以瑞典和挪威为例

欧洲外语教育政策是欧洲一体化的一个直观反映。近年来,欧盟一直致力于语言多元化的推进和完善。北欧国家既希望通过一体化融入欧洲,也尽力避免以英语为代表的欧洲优势语言对本国语言母语人群的侵蚀。瑞典和挪威通过一系列的外语教育政策和实践,努力推进欧洲语言多元主义和语言学习多样化。     

Three strands of explanations on root causes of civil war in low-income and weak states in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for education

This paper is a theoretical exploration of the relationship between schooling and the root causes of contemporary conflicts in low-income and weak states in sub-Saharan Africa. It does so by exploring three predominant theoretical strands on contemporary intrastate conflict and their implications to education: (1) the ‘grievance’ explanation; (2) an alternative economic explanation, focusing on the idea of the ‘opportunity cost of rebellion’; and (3) a political explanation that shows the role of the ruling elites and the state. The article suggests some theoretical and conceptual insights on examining the ways in which education fuels into the root causes of conflict in low-income and weak states.     

我国民办高等教育发展中政府的角色——基于美国私立高等教育政策类型分析

当前我国民办高等教育虽然得到了的较大发展,但在整个高等教育体系内仍处于"二级市场"的地位,面临产权不清、办学水平不高等问题.这种状况的形成与我国民办高等教育相关政策的影响密切相联.本文对美国各州政府管理私立高等教育所采取的三种不同政策类型进行梳理,对各自的优缺点予以探讨.在此基础上,对我国2002年以来民办高等教育政策的特点及所带来的影响进行分析,并据此提出政策建议.     

高等教育中的政府调控和市场竞争

20世纪80年代以来,越来越多的国家开始在高等教育系统中进行以市场为导向的政策试验,其目的是使国家高等教育系统带来的社会收益最大化。这些试验正在重塑高等教育的制度框架,与此相关的高等教育市场化的学术性研究也正在全世界展开。然而,实践中发现高等教育市场机制的运行依然离不开调控,尤其是离不开政府的调控,它需要政府规范高等学校的各种市场行为,为高等教育建立稳定的市场秩序。     

State educational performance reporting policies in the U.S.: Accountability's many faces

The purpose of this study was to examine continuity and change in state-level performance reporting (PR) policies in the United States, particularly their relationship to education reform. The authors conclude that PR has become deeply imbedded in state educational policy systems, due to pressures for increasing accountability. However, numerous impediments have prevented PR from being an important driver of education reform in many states. Typically PR has not yet become fully integrated into a system of coherent state education reform policies. The authors call attention to five issues surrounding state PR which require clearer articulation.