Education,work and earnings of Peruvian women

This study describes trends in educational attainment among women in Peru, and examines the determinants of educational attainment, labor force participation and employment, and earnings. Data were obtained from the Peruvian Living Standards Survey among a sample of 5644 women aged 20-59 years. Findings indicate that parents' educational variables had a positive and statistically significant relationship with the educational attainment of their daughters. The impact declined over time from older to younger cohorts. School reforms improved women's access to education. Education became more universal and compulsory over time. Daughters of mothers with white collar occupations had higher levels of schooling than farmers' daughters. The effects of fathers' education was larger. There was a wider gap between farmers and nonfarmers. Textbooks, teachers, and number of grades offered were the only primary school inputs that showed any clear cohort trend in their effect on years of schooling. As primary schools became more available, textbooks had a greater impact on school attainment. The impact of textbooks was larger for women than for men. The number of grades offered had a large positive effect which increased across cohorts from older to younger. Findings suggest weak effects of school reforms on women's likelihood of participating in the paid or unpaid labor force. Years of schooling had a very small and negative effect on total labor force participation. Woman's paid employment was influenced by age, education and training, household characteristics, and family's unearned income. Educational attainment had a small positive effect on participation in paid employment for younger women and no effect for older women. The average rate of return in paid employment to primary education was about 12%. Primary education had the highest rate of return. The return to job tenure was higher for younger women.     

Educational reforms — Women's life patterns: A Swedish case study

This article focuses on reforms in Swedish higher education since the 1970s. It asks whether and, if so, how, these reforms affected women. Though the reform movement succeeded in bringing more of them into the university, women are still segregated into predominantly female fields. This segregation in higher education translates into occupational segregation in the workforce. The second half of the study asks why the reforms have failed to equalize men's and women's education and life-chances. Through the life history approach, the author finds that Swedish reforms proceeded on the basis of rational efficiency models which have little to do with how women make educational and work decisions. The author argues that in order for equalization to occur, the task will be to reform higher education in a way that matches rational efficiency with human sensibility.     

Education and regional mobility in Europe

This paper estimates the impact of education on regional mobility in Europe using compulsory schooling reforms. Using data on individuals from eight European countries, I find that people who are induced by a school reform to acquire one more year of education are much more likely to relocate to another region in their country between the age of 15 and 50. I also show that education increases the probability of moving to a city for people from rural areas.     

精英教育大众化与高等教育体制变革的理论分析

中国的高等教育正在由精英教育阶段向大众教育阶段过渡。然而,精英教育的大众化并不仅仅意味着一个扩张时代的到来,它也会带来教育体制多方面的深刻变革。高等教育在变革过程中出现多种观念上的矛盾和制度上的冲突在所难免,因此精英教育大众化的过程,更是一个高等教育体制经历众多变革、冲突和协调的过程。政府、社会、高校三者利益关系的调整影响着整个的变革过程。高等教育理念的改变,教育公平问题的处置,人们对于精英教育大众化思想误区的澄清,高等教育发展潜在危机性的解决,是精英教育大众化过程中不能回避的问题。因此,因地制宜、循序渐进的高等教育变革思路的制定,现代教学管理模式的建立,高等教育体制的创新,势在必行。     

迪庆藏区女性的教育和发展

封建农奴制在迪庆藏区占统治地位长达七八百年，广大藏区贫苦女性受教育的权利几乎被完全剥夺，解放后开始享受教育的权利，藏区女性的教育经历了历史性的飞跃。但在盲的构成中，女性仍占多数；而且学历层次越高，女性所占比例越低。影响迪庆藏区女性受教育的因素主要有：贫困因素的影响、传统化的影响、早婚早育的影响和弃学经商的影响。提高藏区女性的化素质，为迪庆藏区的社会经济发展培养大批女性专门人才，是今后教育工作的重点。     

日本少子高龄化的变迁和现状

日本少子高龄化正在急速地进展中。急遽地少子化加速高龄化,结果导致极端歪斜的人口年龄构造的发展,据预测将导致迅速的人口减少。日本育龄妇女总生育率急速低下的原因,并非怀孕率的低下,是因为堕胎的急速増加。民众以此形式进行堕胎的背景是伴随经济发展的学历社会化的急速进展与欲利用学校提携以求自己生活水准提升的民众欲求的相互作用,家庭教育费负担的减轻,使得为少出生的子女追求更高教育的民众选择教育行动。     

The impact of education on political ideology: Evidence from European compulsory education reforms

Previous research documents a correlation between education and political ideology, usually indicating a positive relationship between education and left-wing political views. In this paper, I examine to what extent this association is causal. I merge political ideology data from 25 waves of Eurobarometer surveys with information on 18 educational reforms in 11 European countries. I then instrument for educational attainment with a regression discontinuity design that estimates the increase in education due to compulsory educational reforms. Notably, it appears that omitted variables bias is important here. I find a significant causal effect of education moving individuals to the right when properly addressing the endogeneity whereas there is a significant association between education and left-wing political ideology when treating education as exogenous. I find that on average, among the individuals compelled into additional education from these specific reforms, an additional year of education moves individuals to the right of the political continuum by about 5–6%. However, I also find no evidence of a causal effect on political ideology for a subgroup of countries.     

Education reforms and adult skills: Evidence from Estonia

This paper studies the impact of education reforms in Estonia in the 1990s on adult skills using the OECD PIAAC surveys. Estonia implemented extensive education reforms in the early 1990s throughout Estonian-speaking schools while Russian-speaking schools were exposed to less comprehensive reforms, which were implemented later. A large minority of Estonia’s population at the time was enrolled in Russian-speaking schools providing a unique opportunity to measure the impact of education reforms on literacy, numeracy and problem-solving skills among adults by comparing improvements in PIAAC performance among Estonian and Russian speakers. Difference-in-difference estimation suggests that the reforms led to an adult skill dividend of around 15 to 30 percent of a standard deviation. This translates to a wage (productivity) premium of around 5 to 12 percent.     

Education and the social order: re‐visioning the legacy of Brian Simon

The movement for the higher education of women in Ireland in the nineteenth century has traditionally been viewed as a Protestant initiative. Scholarship suggests that the Irish campaign developed along the same lines as the English movement, gaining from and growing out of the English advances. Leading Protestant schools for girls have been viewed as the driving force behind the concessions afforded Irish women. This paper challenges this assumption, suggesting that contemporaneous developments in Ireland were driven not by neighbouring reforms but by denominational tensions. The role played by the Catholic teaching orders during the nineteenth century cannot be overlooked. Although initially conservative in their approach to educational provision for girls, the Catholic teaching orders – the Dominican, Loreto and Ursuline orders in particular – were key players and stakeholders in women’s higher education in the latter half of the nineteenth century. This paper explores the objectives of the pioneers of Protestant and Catholic female education, examining the relative influence of the Church of Ireland and the Catholic Church. It explores the possibility that the movement for the higher education of Irish women found its impetus not in gender equality, but in denominational rivalry.     

20世纪90年代以来中国高等教育改革中市场角色的研究

20世纪90年代以来,中国高等教育领域出现了一系列的改革,改革的意向可以归纳为促进高等教育质量与数量的发展。虽然这些高等教育改革依然为国家政策所主导和推动,但更多的是对中国的市场经济改革的一种回应,因而"市场"在推动高等教育改革进程中的角色亦不可忽视。比较全球化下高等教育改革中市场作用的特征和脉络,中国"市场"角色更多地表现出以下两点:一是作为新的资源配置渠道,增加来自民间的筹资;二是在协调机制上对原有计划体制的突破,如增强消费者的选择能力,提高大学办学规模效益,提升高等教育质量。     

From Meritocracy to Aristocracy: Towards a Just Society for the ‘Great Man’

In the practice of education and educational reforms today ‘meritocracy’ is a prevalent mode of thinking and discourse. Behind political and economic debates over the just distribution of education benefits, other kinds of philosophical issues, concerning the question of democracy, await to be addressed. As a means of evoking a language more subtle than what is offered by political and economic solutions, I shall discuss Ralph Waldo Emerson's idea of perfectionism, particularly his ideas of the ‘gleam of light’ and ‘genius’, as an alternative mode of thinking of human power. Through this Emersonian lens, a provocative shift will be made from meritocracy and ‘mediocracy’ to aristocracy. Emersonian aristocracy destabilizes balanced measures and prevailing discourse about fairness and justice, and makes us reconsider how to achieve a just society in democracy. As an educational implication, I shall propose the idea of citizenship without inclusion—a vision of education for a democratic society in which we learn to live as and with the Great Man.     

A Gender Agenda: women and family in the new ERA?

This paper explores the relationship between the Conservative ‘educational reforms’ in the 1980s, which purported to give parents more democratic rights as consumers and participants in education, and changes in family life in Britain. It focuses on those demographic, familial changes, in particular in gender relationships, towards mothers having more public and private responsibilities for children and their education. It looks at whether these changes in family life have, in fact, been taken account of in ‘educational reforms’. It asks the question about whether ‘education reforms’ which give more democratic rights to parents in general allow for more democratic rights for women as mothers, in the contexts of lone motherhood, maternal participation in paid employment and adult/higher education. On the other hand, are the implications of such education changes to increase the private responsibilities, rather than democratic rights, of motherhood? Although family is on the education policy agenda, it is not clear that gender is on the agenda.     

21世纪美国高等教育政策改革述评——基于Spellings委员会报告的分析

美国Spellings委员会报告是21世纪美国高等教育改革的重要议案,既为高等教育法案的修订提供了立法基础,也为今后联邦政府高等教育政策改革提供了蓝图。该报告确定了"高等教育机会、可支付性、质量与创新、问责"是高等教育政策改革的四个主题。美国21世纪高等教育政策改革是由联邦政府发挥主导作用,由社会多方代表进行民主商议,然后由政府主要采取立法与拨款形式进行的。它充分尊重各州和高等院校的自主权,对我国高等教育政策改革可以提供有意义的经验借鉴。     

地方高校特色性、适应性计算机专业人才培养探讨

高校计算机专业正经历从精英教育向大众化教育的转变,这种转变给地方高校的计算机专业人才培养带来巨大的挑战。为应对挑战,地方高校应根据学校自身的特色和优势学科,结合社会需求,在人才培养目标、课程体系建设、实践教学、教学团队建设等方面,制定科学的计算机科学与技术专业的培养计划,为社会培养有特色、适应性强的应用型人才。     

农村高中日常教学实践与高考改革之脱节——为何“寒门难出贵子”?

随着高校扩招与文凭贬值,农村学生越来越需要考上好大学才能改变命运。但"寒门难出贵子"现象已经引起了学界的很多关注。本文借助布迪厄的文化资本理论,审视了农村高中教学与当前高考改革之间的脱节。本文主要基于2013-2014年对河南省云雀高中高三文科班开展的一项跟踪调查。本文发现,当前的高考越来越强调学生采用灵活多样的学习方式,诸如精选的课外阅读、娱乐活动和休闲旅行等。但云雀高中的教学仍然过度依赖死记硬背和题海战术,表面上的应试教育已经偏离了高考的要求。要改善其农村学生的升学困境,云雀高中需要适当调整教学方式,以贴近高考改革提出的新要求。     

Positivism and post-World War I elementary school reform in Ontario

Following the end of World War I, the Ontario Department of Education initiated a series of reforms aimed at both elementary and secondary schooling. This article examines the reforms that were made to elementary school curriculum and pedagogy. These were initiated within the context of a call for a general reconstruction of education and society as a response to the tragic consequences of World War I. They were also based on a series of denunciations that identified scientific materialism, the unity of science and psychology, as the principal causes of war. In numerous public declarations, the religious, political, and education elite of the province expressed their belief that scientific materialism and the unity of science posed an obstacle to the development of education in the province. Although these reforms were the result of a political assessment that fervently rejected scientism, they were, in fact, underpinned by a positivist science that entailed processes of counting, measuring, and sorting to build a system of state-directed human capital formation. This article considers the nature of the scientific knowledge that underscored elementary school reform and assesses whether it represented a significant departure or simply a reconfiguration of knowledge and techniques that ensured the state’s ability to govern and administrate.     

高等工程教育改革的理念与实践——以麻省、伯克利、普渡、天大为例

本文通过对国外三所一流大学工程教育改革理念、模式及其内涵的分析发现,哲学理念和教育学理论在北美一流大学工程教育改革中具有积极的支撑作用.在此基础上,结合天津大学"求是"学部的工作,提出相关的思考和建议.     

Market as metaphor in central and East European higher education

Markets constitute the very centre of the post-communist reforms in the countries of Central and East Europe and the former Soviet Union. The two alternative approaches available for framing the market reform conceptually are, however, both inadequate. Those in favour of revolutionary theories fail to see the strong inertia of the academe and its desire for stability. Proponents of evolutionary theories of market reforms do not recognise qualitatively new relationships in many areas. Those eager to demonstrate the success of the market reforms as well as those presenting the success of the centralised higher education in a number of areas fail to realise the lack of legal framework for market reforms and missing political decisions on which the reforms could be based on. This article discusses the role of labour markets, markets of degrees and qualifications as well as the market of educational services as related to higher education reforms. It is proposed that downsizing the State has shifted many of its previous functions to random, often external agents. This creates a meta-level market - the market of market reforms in higher education. Through this quasi market formerly unified higher education systems and even institutions are broken into segments often ignoring each other's existence and seeking individual short term goals. As a result markets' pressure on higher education has taken extremely aggressive forms limiting access to quality higher education while the systemwide enrolment is rapidly growing through theactivities of new low calibre universities and diploma mills.     

Cybernetic institutional management theory and practice: A system of flexible workload for university teachers

In the past three decades, higher education reforms have taken place almost everywhere in the world, and governance or the way that higher education is or should be coordinated has become a global topic. The governance reform in Chinese higher education emerged against such a background. The current studies on Chinese higher education reforms mainly tackle the reform processes and treat the Chinese government as the driver of the reforms, whereas how the Chinese government is susceptible to international pressures has remained under‐researched. This article examines the mechanisms that facilitate the spread of global governance reform ideologies in Chinese higher education through the Chinese government, drawing on the concept of institutional isomorphism. Based on analysing recent literature and documents, it concludes that the Chinese government is affected by the global reform ideas and practices that have been legitimatised through international organisations' rhetoric and other countries' successful experiences.     

Higher education reform in perspective: The Japanese experience

Japanese colleges and universitiesare in an age of great transition. Currentreforms can be counted as some of the mostextensive and radical changes in the history ofJapanese higher education. Although the agendaof recent reforms has been conditioned bycontemporary socio-political circumstances,many of the ongoing changes are rooted inhistory. In this article, the reforms ofJapanese higher education are examined from along-range historical perspective. Thoughpre-war years are briefly mentioned, the mainconcern here is with reforms after World WarII.