基于知识的组织记忆框架研究

知识经济时代，知识已经成为组织最重要的资源，知识的有效管理在未来业务发展中起着至关重要的作用，而组织所拥有的知识资产的总和可以被看作是其组织记忆。本文研究了组织记忆与知识管理相互作用的辩证关系，分析了组织记忆是知识管理的基础和先决条件，知识管理可以推动组织记忆的发展；并在此基础上，探讨了从管理与知识有关的事务、管理与人有关的事务和管理与组织有关的事务三方面来提升组织记忆。     

Exploring decisive factors affecting an organization's SaaS adoption: A case study

Software as a Service (SaaS) is regarded as a favorable solution to enhance a modern organization's IT performance and competitiveness; however, many organizations may still be reluctant to introduce SaaS solutions mainly because of the trust concern—they may perceive more risks than benefits. This paper presumes that an organization will augment the trust of adopting SaaS solutions when perceived risks decrease and/or perceived benefits increase. To gain insights into this issue, a solution framework using a modified Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach is proposed. The core logic is to treat perceived benefits and perceived risks as two distinct themes so that a visible cause–effect diagram can be developed to facilitate the decision makers. A case study is conducted on a Taiwanese company—one of the world's leading manufacturers in the niche and specialized resistor markets. The findings suggest that the case company concern more about strategic-oriented benefits than economic-oriented benefits and more about subjective risks than technical risks. Some implications are addressed accordingly.     

科技服务组织服务创新的影响机制——基于制度系统的调查与解释

借由组织制度理论视角与典型组织的调查,研究科技服务组织的制度系统特征及其影响作用.研究发现,政府、市场双重主导逻辑提供组织服务创新的依据和原则,并渗透进入组织场域;不同服务类型表现出双重逻辑差异化的作用形式与冲突强度;将4种典型服务产品与模式纳入一个组织响应制度系统影响的二维理论化模型,可有效解释当前科技服务组织及其服...     

User values and the development of a cybersecurity public policy for the IoT

Public administrators, entrusted to develop public policy to manage the growing complexities of the IoT, face significant challenges. The challenges exist because of three reasons; First, there is a lack of policy direction. Second, user values related to cybersecurity are not well understood. Third, there is a lack of clarity as to how IoT public policy should be developed. In this paper we argue that new IoT policy should be guided by key stakeholder values (i.e. what users think to be important). We utilize the Public Value Forum to elicit public values to inform decision-making surrounding IoT policy by public administrators, conceptually informed by Rational choice theory. We use a five-phase process to introduce the decision context (i.e. the policy problem), define fundamental objectives, rank these objectives, identify value-based trade-offs between them and construct a multi-attribute utility model. The findings indicate several key themes for IoT security from the citizens themselves and decision-making administrators in diverse public agencies developing IoT cybersecurity public policy.     

基于无边界组织理论的大学校级科研管理组织新设计

科学技术处是大学校级科研管理组织,传统官僚组织理论对其组织结构设计及运行机制产生了深远影响,照章办事、机械僵化的传统官僚制度已严重制约了科学技术处的创新活力.在此,基于无边界组织理论,关注组织资源的整合和组织边界适当的渗透性.分析了科学技术处组织边界对资源整合以及创新能力的制约.重新构建南行政服务中心和科研发展团队两大部门组成的,能有效整合组织内外资源、激发新的科研增长点的高校校级科技管理组织.     

我国研究型大学跨学科研究组织建制、问题及对策

以我国42所“双一流”建设高校作为高水平研究型大学的代表，从组织发展趋势、聚焦领域等方面分析跨学科研究组织的建设现状，从组织目标、组织形态、组织管理维度剖析其组织建制。当前我国研究型大学跨学科研究组织建设存在数量不足、质量参差、建制形式不灵活、管理机制薄弱等问题，因此，我国研究型大学应制定专门的跨学科发展战略规划，拓展多元化的组织形式，建立完备的制度保障体系。     

我国物联网产业技术研发效率动态评价

基于我国物联网产业发展具有代表性的9个省(市)的相关统计数据,构建物联网产业技术研发评价指标体系,运用曼奎斯特(Malmquist)指数方法对2007—2013年间我国物联网产业的技术研发效率进行动态评价。通过研究发现:我国物联网产业技术研发效率较为低下,且各地区研发效率差异较大;技术衰退是导致物联网产业研发效率下降的主要原因。     

天津市农业物联网区域试验工程的实践

当前,我国农业高风险、高投入、高产出的格局初步呈现,亟需现代信息技术支撑,实现从传统农业到现代农业的转变。农业物联网作为改变农业、农民、农村的新力量,为此提供了有效选择。为推动农业物联网建设,2013年以来,农业部启动了农业物联网区域试验工程,天津作为三个试点区域之一,主要围绕设施农业与水产养殖开展农业物联网区域试验。文章在介绍天津市区试工程的背景、目标与内容的基础上,总结了天津市区试工程的进展,凝练了其实施特色。总体而言,实施半年以来,天津市区试工程在机制保障、技术选择等方面已进行了很好的尝试,取得了良好的效果,在为其他地区提供有效参考的同时,有力证明了在我国发展农业物联网具有广阔的前景,这必将会推动农业强国梦的加速实现。     

国际河流流域组织发展历程及对中国的启示

国际河流的合作治理已经成为中国推进周边外交的重要抓手,诸多学者都强调了中国应重视研究制定与相关国家和地区的水资源协同开发框架,建立健全跨地区水资源合作机制。但是,在如何设计流域组织的问题上中国缺乏相应的成熟经验。因此,中国在不断推进总结本国实践经验的同时,需要了解国际上国际河流流域组织建设的成功经验以及失败教训。基于此,本文以TFDD收录的国际河流流域组织数据库为研究对象,对其发展历史、现状等基本问题进行阐述。结果表明,国际河流流域组织的发展历史根据组织职能转变与治理机制完善两个角度大致可以划分为萌芽、雏形与完善3个阶段;国际河流流域组织在组织职能、组织类别、结构特征、治理机制4个方面呈现差异化的表现。同时,本文对中国国际河流流域组织情况进行了梳理,并参考国际经验,认为中国国际河流流域组织的设计和选择应基于国家战略规划并充分尊重东北、西北和西南片区的地区差异;同时健全中国流域组织日常管理与应急管理能力应从组织结构以及治理机制入手;但是建立健全国际河流流域组织并非一蹴而就,需要与中国国际河流流域合作开发的发展阶段相适应,不仅要学习西方国际河流流域组织建设的先进经验,也要注重吸取众多欠发达国家的失败经验,并探索能促进流域区域经济发展的治理机制。     

中国农业科技组织体系60年

农业科学研究组织体系和农业技术推广组织体系构成中国农业科技发展的组织基础。农业科学研究组织体系伴随政治和经济体制变革而相应调整。农业技术推广组织体系依附政治生态的同时,围绕推广实效不断进行推广组织和形式的创新。解决中国农业科技组织体系存在问题,必需重新组合科学研究资源,改革县乡技术推广组织体系。     

国家创新组织运行的协同效应研究:基于创新英国的改革与实践

基于创新英国的运行与管理,构建国家创新组织的协同创新理论框架,分别从战略协同、知识协同和组织协同3个维度对创新英国的组织管理结构、运行模式和运行效果进行分析,研究创新英国作为国家型创新组织在创新体系中的协同作用,并结合创新英国运行管理的经验,从管理制度、创新工具和创新平台等角度,为我国创新组织的建设提出对策。     

替代或互补：人工智能应用管理对创新的影响

数字经济背景下,人工智能（AI）技术的应用正在深入地影响着企业管理变革、业务边界的扩展和管理模式的改变。结合互补资产的观点和组织学习理论,本文提出了一个基于AI应用能力和AI管理能力的分析框架,强调人工智能与人类智慧结合的必要性,阐述了两种能力的功能和作用及其协同对企业效率和创新成本的影响。本文提出,企业必须具备管理AI的能力才能有效应对大数据、数字技术、AI的不断革新及技术带来的组织内部结构和外部环境变化以及风险;企业AI应用与管理能力的有效结合,有利于控制AI应用带来的成本和风险,增强企业在人工人力、协调沟通、和数据搜寻方面的效率,同时降低AI应用带来的数字基建、道德情感、数据安全、组织结构变革方面的成本,进而促进企业的组织学习、对内外部数字技术使能资源的获取和管理以及互补资产的形成,对企业创新绩效发挥正向作用。最后,本文为企业的数字化创新战略提供了新的发展思路。     

IT/IS implementation risks and their impact on firm performance

There has been considerable theoretical work on the role of information systems (IS) in creating competitive advantage and enhancing organizational performance. The literature identifies a consistent lack of success by organizations in achieving business benefits from their IS investments and in particular their difficulties in obtaining a sustainable competitive advantage. A great deal of debate appears to exist nowadays related to the participation of information technology (IT) risks to organizational performance. Previous research has dealt with the examination of the existing relationships between the implemented information technology and firm's performance variables. This research focuses on the IT impact on firm's non-financial IT risk. The research was conducted using questionnaires that were sent to world's five hundred largest corporations as they were published in the fortune magazine (European edition, No. 14, 2003) and to Greek companies. The results indicate that IT risk factors affect mainly coordination and partially information ability but not productivity. Furthermore, the most significant risk factors affecting business performance are management ability, information integrity, controllability and exclusivity.     

IS professionals’ information security behaviors in Chinese IT organizations for information security protection

Continued integration of technology for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other devices and systems over the Internet exposes information security (IS) to growing risks. Organizations can thus achieve a strategic advantage by securing IS as a pivotal information and intelligence asset. This study examined ways of motivating IS professionals to protect information security from potential risks, drawing on the theoretical frameworks of protection motivation theory (PMT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as well as work-related organizational antecedents (e.g., organizational commitment and job satisfaction). This paper proposes structural equation modeling (SEM) in R as a framework for exploring relationships among the variables and determining the overall data fit to the hypotheses. SEM is a multivariate technique which simultaneously executes both factor analysis and aspects of multiple regression in order to estimate interrelated relationships while also allowing path analytic modeling to be performed with latent, unobserved variables. Using 804 questionnaires with SEM analysis, we find support for the following predictors’ associations: (a) information security attitudes and subjective norms, as constituents of TPB, significantly influenced information security protective behaviors; (b) the coping appraisals (self-efficacy and response cost) and threat appraisals (threat susceptibility and threat severity) of PMT were significantly predictive of information security protective behaviors; and (c) organizational commitment positively impacted information security protective behaviors. However, job satisfaction and perceived behavioral control as a construct of TPB were not associated with information security behaviors. The main theoretical contribution of this research is that the addition of organizational commitment allows the behavioral science model to offer a novel understanding of IS professionals’ protection motivation and actual behaviors in the Chinese context. This study has several practical implications for organizations. In order to encourage IS professionals to follow protective security behaviors, organizations should set up the belief that a close relationship with subordinates plays a vital role in ensuring information security, improve IS employees’ perception and cognition of their importance to the organization, constantly highlight the importance of information security protection, and emphasize the severe consequences of information security threats during trainings.     

从个体吸收能力到组织吸收能力的演化——以知识共享为中介

吸收能力是如何从个体层次上升到组织层次的，一直是理论关注的焦点。与既往研究采取相对静态的解释视角不同，本研究基于个体间互动的视角，提出个体间知识共享是由个体吸收能力向组织吸收能力演化的中介变量，通过运用275家企业数据的实证检验，本研究部分证实了这一假设。同时，实证结果还表明，知识交流平台和组织共同愿景正向影响个体间知识共享绩效，组织决策集中化程度负向影响组织吸收能力。本研究在理论上揭示了由个体吸收能力向组织吸收能力演化的内在机制，研究结论对于指导企业提升吸收能力具有现实指导意义。     

An economic modelling approach to information security risk management

This paper presents an approach enabling economic modelling of information security risk management in contemporaneous businesses and other organizations. In the world of permanent cyber attacks to ICT systems, risk management is becoming a crucial task for minimization of the potential risks that can endeavor their operation. The prevention of the heavy losses that may happen due to cyber attacks and other information system failures in an organization is usually associated with continuous investment in different security measures and purchase of data protection systems. With the rise of the potential risks the investment in security services and data protection is growing and is becoming a serious economic issue to many organizations and enterprises. This paper analyzes several approaches enabling assessment of the necessary investment in security technology from the economic point of view. The paper introduces methods for identification of the assets, the threats, the vulnerabilities of the ICT systems and proposes a procedure that enables selection of the optimal investment of the necessary security technology based on the quantification of the values of the protected systems. The possibility of using the approach for an external insurance based on the quantified risk analyses is also provided.     

R&D priority-setting for global catastrophic risks: The case of the NASA planetary defense mission

"Mission-oriented" public research organizations invest in R&D to improve decision-making around complex policy problems from climate change to asteroid impacts, thus producing public value. However, the estimation of benefits produced by such R&D projects is notoriously difficult to predict and measure - a challenge that is magnified for global catastrophic risks (GCRs). GCRs are highly uncertain risks that may pose enormous negative consequences for humanity. This article explores how public research organizations systematically reduce key uncertainties associated with GCRs. Building off of recent literature highlighting the organizational and political factors that influence R&D priority-setting at public research organizations, this article develops an analytical framework for explaining R&D priority-setting outcomes that integrates the key stages of decision analysis with organizational and political dynamics identified in the literature. This framework is then illustrated with a case study of the NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office, which addresses the GCR of near-Earth object (asteroid and comet) impacts. The case study reveals how organizational and political factors interact with every stage in the R&D priority-setting process - from initial problem definition to project selection. Lastly, the article discusses the extent to which the case study can inform R&D priority-setting at other public organizations, particularly those addressing GCRs.     

非营利组织文化对组织创新的作用机制研究

摘要：组织文化是非营利组织竞争中重要的软实力。本文旨在揭示非营利组织创新不是依赖于非营利组织文化中某一条件变量的强度,而是依赖于不同条件变量的组合。本文选取北京市23家非营利组织为研究对象,基于Dension组织文化模型所构建的非营利组织文化模型,运用定性比较分析（QCA）方法分析非营利组织文化对组织创新的作用机制。研究发现：非营利组织创新的文化基础是包含高参与性与高适应性两个因素的组合;在非营利组织文化外部因素和内部因素联动作用下,“高参与性*高适应性*高使命感”或者“高参与性*高适应性*高一致性”是促使组织创新的有效条件,在一定程度上,非营利组织文化要素中的员工高使命感和员工高一致性间具有替代性,但超过一定阈值,替代性将不再发挥作用;相同的非营利组织文化因素组合得分,带来的组织创新的最终得分可能相同,但组织创新内部指标得分不同。研究建议加强非营利组织组织文化中的适应性和参与性建设,协同非营利组织文化因素促进组织创新,大力培育非营利组织特色创新文化环境。     

Initiation,Experimentation, Implementation of innovations: The case for Radio Frequency Identification Systems

This research primarily examines the stages hypothesis of the process of technology adoption by management personnel of organizations in the supply chain sector involving the Initiation, Experimentation, and Implementation stages. Further, this research examines key antecedents that may influence the various stages, including top management support, external pressure, and organization size. Using responses provided by top management representatives of 210 supply chain organizations on their organizations’ engagement with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies, this research finds that the stages hypothesis holds for RFID technologies. Specifically, organizations were seen to sequentially progress through the Initiation, Experimentation, and Implementation stages. Over 80% of organizations, who had reached the Implementation stage of adoption, had gone through the Initiation and Experimentation stages as well. Additionally, the data showed that the antecedents exerted varying levels of influences on the three stages. Top management support strongly influenced all three stages; external pressure influenced the Initiation and Implementation stages, and organizational size influenced Experimentation and Implementation stages. The paper discusses several implications for research and practice.     

The effectiveness of workflow management systems: A longitudinal study

Workflow management systems coordinate and allocate work through the various stages of executing business processes. The benefits of such systems appear pervasive, but no hard data is available that confirms that their implementation improves organizational performance. In part, this is due to the difficulty of measuring the effects of enterprise-wide initiatives in general. In this paper, the results are presented of a longitudinal, multi-case study into the effectiveness of workflow management technology. The study builds on a novel methodology that combines field work and computer simulations. Through its application, the contribution of this technology to conduct business processes faster and with less effort could be quantitatively assessed. Surprisingly, only a fraction of the projects that were followed in this longitudinal study led to a fully operational implementation of a workflow management system at all. Even so, in most of the projects where such a system was introduced this resulted in substantial improvements. We present success and fail factors for the implementation of this technology within organizations, which we inferred from a follow-up analysis. The novel methodology presented in this paper is thought to be of value to track the performance effects of introducing other technologies or organization concepts as well.