A contingent cost analysis of alternative manufacturing information systems

The evaluation of alternative management information systems can aid systems analysts determine appropriate information support for managers, aid managers to become informed participants in the system design process, and aid the planning of information systems in response to changes in the firm. Synthesizing microeconomic and contingency theories, this paper performs a cost analysis of two popular manufacturing information systems. The relative cost-effectiveness of these two systems is hypothesized and then validated using a random survey of manufacturing firms across the USA. A logistical regression of the data provides estimates of the relative information system cost-effectiveness in various manufacturing contexts.     

开发支出资本化与企业创新

以2007至2017年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象,本文考察了开发支出资本化对企业创新的影响。,实证结果研究发现,开发支出资本化比例与企业创新呈倒U型关系。且结论在稳健性检验之后依然成立。表明：当开发支出资本化比例低于临界值时,由于抑制了管理层通过削减研发投资以实现盈余目标的动机得到抑制,从而促进企业创新;当开发支出资本化比例高于临界值时,促使管理层基于声誉风险管理层为避免将已资本化金额转为费用对当期盈余造成的负面冲击,进行过度研发投资,从而阻碍企业创新。说明不同开发支出资本化比例下,管理层研发投资不同动机对企业创新产生非线性影响。结论在稳健性检验之后依然成立。进一步分析还发现：,开发支出资本化通过研发投资效率作用于企业创新,而且管理层面临的盈余公告压力越大,开发支出资本化对企业创新的非线性影响更为显著。资本化通过非效率研发投资,作用于企业创新;盈余公告压力越大,资本化与企业创新之间的倒U型关系越明显。     

开发支出资本化与企业创新

以2007至2017年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象，本文考察了开发支出资本化对企业创新的影响。，实证结果研究发现，开发支出资本化比例与企业创新呈倒U型关系。且结论在稳健性检验之后依然成立。表明：当开发支出资本化比例低于临界值时，由于抑制了管理层通过削减研发投资以实现盈余目标的动机得到抑制，从而促进企业创新；当开发支出资本化比例高于临界值时，促使管理层基于声誉风险管理层为避免将已资本化金额转为费用对当期盈余造成的负面冲击，进行过度研发投资，从而阻碍企业创新。说明不同开发支出资本化比例下，管理层研发投资不同动机对企业创新产生非线性影响。结论在稳健性检验之后依然成立。进一步分析还发现：，开发支出资本化通过研发投资效率作用于企业创新，而且管理层面临的盈余公告压力越大，开发支出资本化对企业创新的非线性影响更为显著。资本化通过非效率研发投资，作用于企业创新；盈余公告压力越大，资本化与企业创新之间的倒U型关系越明显。     

The effect of twitter dissemination on cost of equity: A big data approach

Reducing information asymmetry between investors and a firm can have an impact on the cost of equity, especially in an environment or times of uncertainty. New technologies can potentially help disseminate corporate financial information, reducing such asymmetries. In this paper we analyse firms’ dissemination decisions using Twitter, developing a comprehensive measure of the amount of financial information that a company makes available to investors (iDisc) from a big data of firms’ tweets (1,197,208 tweets). Using a sample of 4131 firm-year observations for 791 non-financial firms listed on the US NASDAQ stock exchange over the period 2009–2015, we find evidence that iDisc significantly reduces the cost of equity. These results are pronounced for less visible firms which are relatively small in size, have a low analyst following and a small number of investors. Highly visible firms are less likely to benefit from iDisc in influencing their cost of equity as other communication channels may have widely disseminated their financial information. Our investigations encourage managers to consider the benefits of directly spreading a firm’s financial information to stakeholders and potential investors using social media in order to reduce firm equity premium (COE).     

服务创新的驱动力和模式

服务创新是企业增强自身竞争力的重要手段,是推动服务业发展的强大动力,服务企业在内外部驱动力的作用下开展创新活动,同时遵循不同的创新模式．阐述了服务创新的驱动力及不同的创新模式,通过本文可以了解影响服务企业进行创新的内外部要素,并对不同要素作用下企业采取的创新模式形成整体上的把握．对企业管理者也有较强的指导和启发意义。     

替代或互补：人工智能应用管理对创新的影响

数字经济背景下,人工智能（AI）技术的应用正在深入地影响着企业管理变革、业务边界的扩展和管理模式的改变。结合互补资产的观点和组织学习理论,本文提出了一个基于AI应用能力和AI管理能力的分析框架,强调人工智能与人类智慧结合的必要性,阐述了两种能力的功能和作用及其协同对企业效率和创新成本的影响。本文提出,企业必须具备管理AI的能力才能有效应对大数据、数字技术、AI的不断革新及技术带来的组织内部结构和外部环境变化以及风险;企业AI应用与管理能力的有效结合,有利于控制AI应用带来的成本和风险,增强企业在人工人力、协调沟通、和数据搜寻方面的效率,同时降低AI应用带来的数字基建、道德情感、数据安全、组织结构变革方面的成本,进而促进企业的组织学习、对内外部数字技术使能资源的获取和管理以及互补资产的形成,对企业创新绩效发挥正向作用。最后,本文为企业的数字化创新战略提供了新的发展思路。     

The roles of infrastructure capability and customer orientation in enhancing customer-information quality in CRM systems: Empirical evidence from Taiwan

This study adopts both a resource-based perspective that combines technology, human, and business resources to develop an infrastructure capability, and a strategic-positioning perspective that emphasizes customer orientation to examine customer information quality in customer relationship management (CRM) systems. Specifically, this study examines how firms bundle infrastructure capability and customer orientation to enhance the quality of customer information that enhances customer relationships and firm performance. The results of data gathered from 116 financial service firms in Taiwan suggest that the impact of quality on firm performance begins with infrastructure capability and customer orientation, and that the complementarity between these factors positively influences customer information quality. The results indicate that customer information quality positively affects customer relationship performance, which consequently leads to improvements in overall firm performance.     

伙伴社会价值对企业突破性创新的影响研究

本研究基于交易成本理论分析了在研发联盟组合中,研发合作伙伴的社会价值（中心企业的研发合作伙伴的伙伴数的平均值来衡量）如何作用于企业的突破性创新;同时分析了研发联盟伙伴技术多样性以及地理多样性的调节作用。基于1997年至2017年中国医药制造业构建研发联盟的数据,采用负二项回归分析发现：（1）在研发联盟组合中,研发联盟伙伴社会价值与企业突破性创新的关系为倒U形;（2）研发联盟伙伴技术多样性减弱了伙伴社会价值对企业突破性创新的倒U作用;（3）研发联盟伙伴地理多样性增强了伙伴社会价值对企业突破性创新的倒U作用。本文的研究结论不仅完善了现有的研发联盟组合文献和伙伴多样性研究文献,还基于交易成本理论为企业管理者进行伙伴选择及联盟组合管理提供重要的思路启发。     

Protecting knowledge: How legal requirements to reveal information affect the importance of secrecy

Most firms use secrecy to protect their knowledge from potential imitators. However, the theoretical foundations for secrecy have not been well explored. We extend knowledge protection literature and propose theoretical mechanisms explaining how information visibility influences the importance of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument. Building on mechanisms from information economics and signaling theory, we postulate that secrecy is more important for protecting knowledge for firms that have legal requirements to reveal information to shareholders. Furthermore, we argue that this effect is contingent on the location in a technological cluster, on a firm’s investment in fixed assets and on a firm’s past innovation performance. We test our hypotheses using a representative sample of 683 firms in Germany between 2005 and 2013. Our results support the moderation effect of a technological cluster and a firm’s investment in fixed assets. Our findings inform both academics and managers on how firms balance information disclosure requirements with the use of secrecy as a knowledge protection instrument.     

商业模式、创新双元性与企业绩效的关系研究

本文旨在探讨商业模式如何通过创新双元性的中介作用对企业绩效产生影响。为此,本文提出了商业模式、创新双元性与企业绩效三者之间关系的研究假设,并通过应用层次回归分析方法对来自173家制造业企业的问卷调查数据进行实证分析检验了这些假设。研究结果表明:效率为中心的商业模式设计与新颖为中心的商业模式设计都对创新双元性具有显著的正向影响;创新双元性对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响;创新双元性分别在效率为中心的商业模式设计、新颖为中心的商业模式设计对企业绩效的影响中起部分中介作用。这些结论因揭示了商业模式对于企业绩效的间接影响而拓展了商业模式与企业绩效关系理论,同时对于企业建立商业模式模仿隔离机制具有一定指导意义。     

政治关联与商业模式创新：吸收能力的调节效应

针对企业构建政治关联能否激发以及怎样激发商业模式创新的问题，本文构建了政治关联在吸收能力调节下影响商业模式创新的理论模型。以384家企业为样本进行的实证检验表明：企业构建政治关联能够激发商业模式创新，知识消化能力强化了政治关联对商业模式创新的积极影响，但知识获取能力却削弱了政治关联对企业商业模式创新的积极影响。这些发现一定程度揭示了企业政治关联影响商业模式创新的内在机制，区分了不同维度吸收能力的调节效应差异，对企业商业模式创新理论与实践的发展起到了促进作用。     

A man on the inside: Unlocking communities as complementary assets

Since Teece's seminal paper explaining who were the gainers from technological innovation, increased globalization and the information and communication technology revolution have brought new ways for firms to organize and appropriate from innovation. A new more open model of innovation suggests that firms can benefit from sources of innovation that stem from outside the firm. The central theme of this paper is how firms try to unlock communities as complementary assets. These communities exist outside firm boundaries beyond ownership or hierarchical control. Because of practices developed by communities to protect their work, firms need to assign individuals to work in these communities in order to gain access to developments and, to an extent, influence the direction of the community. Using network analysis we show that some software firms sponsor individuals to act strategically within a free and open source software (FOSS) community. Firm sponsored individuals interact with more individuals than interact with them, and also they seek to interact with central individuals in the community. However, we can see differences in how individuals interact, depending on whether their affiliation is with a dedicated FOSS firm or an incumbent in the software industry. Apparently, some firm managers believe they need ‘a man on the inside’ to be able to gain access to communities.     

Decision execution mechanisms of IT governance: The CRM case

Employing the literature on IT governance and the structuration theory of technology assimilation, this research develops a conceptual model to examine decision execution mechanisms of IT governance in post-adoption stages of CRM diffusion, i.e. CRM use, impacts on business processes, and impacts on firm performance. While the literature mainly addresses the forms and contingencies of IT governance structures for decision making, we focus on IT governance mechanisms for decision execution, that is, the role of top management, business managers and IT managers in post-adoption stages of technology diffusion and how these groups are held accountable for their role. We conceptualize decision execution mechanisms of IT governance as including two dimensions: vertical advocacy from top management and horizontal coordination between business and IT managers. Decision execution mechanisms are assumed to facilitate CRM use and value creation. We analyze a dataset of 82 Chinese firms to examine the model and associated hypotheses. Our results show that: (1) decision execution mechanisms, including both vertical advocacy and horizontal coordination, significantly contribute to the three stages of CRM diffusion; (2) vertical advocacy has a notably greater effect on CRM use and firm performance gains than horizontal coordination, which has a greater effect on process gains. (3) CRM use creates operational and strategic benefits in customer-oriented business processes, which further improves firm performance. These findings have important implications for understanding how IT governance shapes the diffusion of CRM technology.     

管理信息系统中自适应导航模型的构建

管理信息系统是以管理人员为主导,帮助企业实现信息化的重要工具和手段。然而,现有的管理信息系统的相关研究缺乏对管理人员自身需求与特质的研究。研究旨在构建符合管理人员认知需求与认知偏好的,管理人员所喜爱的管理信息系统。本文立足于传统的Web系统的相关研究,以管理人员的任务目标和自身的基础属性与特征属性为关联因素,构建了管理信息系统自适应导航模型,提出了从底层数据到静态关联信息集,最终到动态信息集的构建思路。管理信息系统自适应导航模型的构建以管理人员信息需求为中心,首先以岗位职责、信息需求、业务活动等要素为任务导向构建静态模型,其次以管理人员自身特质和偏好关联动态模型,最终构建出符合企业自身实际情况,满足管理人员信息需求和认知偏好的信息系统自适应导航模型。     

Examining motivation of IT vendors to share knowledge with clients

To reduce information technology (IT) development costs, more firms have begun to outsource IT-related activities by partnering with IT vendors. As knowledge is a valuable asset in IT development, knowledge sharing between vendors and business clients becomes critical. However, the motivation behind IT vendors’ willingness to share knowledge with client firms is not sufficiently understood. To shed light on the nature of knowledge sharing within vendor–client partnerships, we examine the influence of performance feedback and managerial mindset on vendors’ motivation to share knowledge with their clients. We adopt a multi-method approach involving both a scenario-based field experiment with 164 vendor managers (Study 1) and a field survey of 112 vendor managers involved in IT development (Study 2). We find that when vendors’ performance exceeds their aspiration levels, they are motivated to share knowledge with clients. Such motivational effects are more pronounced for vendor managers exhibiting abstract mindsets. Our study is of significant value to researchers and practitioners, affording both groups a keener, deeper, and more robust appreciation for how knowledge sharing in vendor–client partnerships can be managed more effectively.     

Government aid for the development of innovative technology: lessons from the French

The French Aid to Development Program provides a reimbursable subsidy to industrial firms for the development of specific new products and processes. The program has been used variously to induce traditional firms to be more technically venturesome; to average the risk where the project is too large for the firm; to support projects with important external benefits; and as a general aid in support of French industrial policy. The program serves as a substitute for the risk capital market for the small and medium firm. The bulk of the funds have gone to large corporations for medium-sized projects. For firms with a portfolio of R&D investments, aid for any specific project acts by displacement to fund the firm 's most marginal project.     

How do foreign firms patent in emerging economies with weak appropriability regimes? Archetypes and motives

Foreign firms patent in emerging economies with weak appropriability regimes at an increasing rate. This phenomenon constitutes a paradox since in such a setting foreign firms should have weak incentives to patent. In an attempt to resolve this paradox, we conducted an inductive analysis of 11 foreign firms that patent in such a setting, using the case of China as our empirical context. We identify four archetypes of foreign firms and three key antecedents the interaction of which determines which archetype a firm can be subsumed under.Our study complements the developed-economy focus of the extant appropriation literature by adding an international perspective. We extend previous econometric studies by identifying salient factors on the firm level that determine the extent to which a foreign firm patents in emerging economies with a weak appropriability regime, highlighting that the extent of a firm's motivation to maintain its freedom to operate can supersede imitability concerns. We also comment on the practical implications of these contributions for managers of foreign firms. Highlighting a structural conflict of interest between foreign firms from developed economies and the development goals of an emerging economy, we point to the generalizability of our results to a wide range of other emerging economies worldwide.     

R&D,foreign ownership,and corporate groups: Evidence from Japanese firms

This study empirically examines whether the research and development (R&D) activities of foreign-owned firms in Japan differ notably from the R&D activities of domestically-owned firms based on a firm-level panel dataset. Our study carefully disentangles the significant differences in R&D investment behavior of subsidiaries due to three different reasons: having a foreign parent, corporate group affiliation, and the degree of relatedness between business units. The results reveal the following. First, firms that are majority-owned by another firm are less active in R&D than independent firms. Second, foreign ownership does not matter if the parent firm is from a G7 country, but R&D intensity is significantly and positively associated with foreign ownership if the parent firm is from a non-G7 country. Finally, for subsidiaries whose business is related to that of their parent firm, the R&D intensity is lower if the parent is a domestic firm, but higher if it is a foreign firm. These findings imply that globalization and the integration of firms may not only affect production patterns and global supply chains, but may also have an important impact on the level of domestic R&D activities.     

从外部知识获取到内部创新能力：员工信息素养的调节效应

通过对257家新兴企业中高层管理者和研发人员的调查数据,本文研究了员工信息素养对外部知识效应的影响,重点分析了员工信息素养对外部知识获取与内部创新能力之间关系的调节效应,并运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）技术探讨了企业规模对员工信息素养的制约效应。结果表明：员工信息素养对技术知识和市场知识的吸收效果均有促进作用;此外,企业规模越大,员工信息素养对技术知识与创新能力之间关系的促进作用越小。本研究结论不仅丰富了员工素养与企业创新等领域的理论空间,同时也为战略性新兴产业企业在开放式创新环境下有效提高员工信息素养、增强外部知识吸收、提升创新能力和创新绩效提供了实践指导。     

家族化管理会为家族企业创造价值吗？——以中小板家族上市公司为例

研究了家族化管理对企业价值与盈利能力的影响。将已有研究中对于该问题的正反两方面理论观点结合起来,以中小板家族上市公司为研究对象,将家族化管理这一概念创造性地操作化为CEO类型、家族高管比例、参与企业管理的家族代际数和家庭数四个子维度,实证研究了家族化管理与企业价值间的关系。实证结果表明,家族化管理降低了家族上市公司的价值和盈利能力,具体来说,家族成员出任CEO、参与企业管理的家庭数以及家族二代参与企业管理均对家族企业价值有负向影响。这表明目前中国家族上市公司中家族参与企业管理后由家族关系带来的＂自我控制＂＂、裙带主义＂和＂机会主义行为＂等负面效应超越了委托代理成本降低等正面效应并占据了主导地位。