孕妇围产期肥胖对妊娠期妇女和胎儿的影响

孕期营养对孕妇和胎儿的健康都十分重要,孕期合理营养是保障母婴健康的基础,期间营养状况直接关系着妊娠结局,对孕妇及胎儿的健康亦有重要影响。大量研究显示孕妇肥胖与围生期孕妇及胎儿的不良结局相关。     

Improving nutrition in pregnant adolescents: recommendations for clinical practitioners

Pregnancy represents an ideal time for health promotion activities. Many women, including adolescents, are interested and willing to change health behaviors to improve the chance that they will deliver a healthy infant. This paper focuses on improving nutrition in pregnant adolescents. Seven recommendations are presented to help achieve this goal: 1) Focus on foods, not nutrients; 2) individualize and work within the pregnant adolescent's current eating habits; 3) consider the context of family and peer groups; 4) reward efforts; 5) make it easy; 6) focus on weight gain patterns for optimal birth outcomes; and 7) refer to a dietician, as needed. Use of these recommendations comprehensively addresses adolescent developmental needs to improve nutrition during pregnancy. These recommendations are not meant to be all-inclusive; rather, they are meant to serve as a guide for clinical management of nutrition for pregnant adolescents.     

Childbirth Education for the HIV-Positive Woman

Pregnant HIV-positive women have unique education needs during the perinatal period. HIV-positive women need information regarding the differences in recommended care they can expect to experience both for themselves and their newborn. Differences in recommended care are related to minimizing transmission of the HIV virus. This article discusses the unique educational content needs of HIV-positive pregnant women. Providing women with appropriate information about what their labor and delivery experiences will entail can help them make decisions and promote a positive birth experience.     

What's a Pregnant Woman to Eat? A Review of Current USDA Dietary Guidelines and MyPyramid

The purpose of this article is to clarify the nutritional recommendations for pregnant women in light of the new Food Guide Pyramid, known as "MyPyramid," along with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2005 and recommendations by the Institute of Medicine. The differences between the Food Guide Pyramid (introduced in 1992) and the more recent, color-coded MyPyramid (introduced in 2005) are discussed. A list of nutritional recommendations for pregnant women is presented, which may serve as a reference for practitioners when counseling pregnant women.     

Back pain/discomfort in pregnancy: invisible and forgotten

This paper is a comprehensive literature review of original research on the nature of back pain/discomfort in pregnancy. The causes of back pain/discomfort in pregnancy are reviewed and discussed, and the clinical manifestations and implications are explored. This analysis revealed that approximately 50% of pregnant women experience back pain/discomfort with little or no intervention from their health care providers. Thus, back pain/discomfort in pregnancy seems to be invisible and forgotten in contemporary antenatal care. Evidence-based guidelines are provided for both women and health professionals as a way of increasing attention to the prevention of unnecessary back pain/discomfort during pregnancy.     

Eat, drink, and be labouring?

The practice of restricting oral intake during labour has been and remains controversial. Overall, the nutritional needs of labouring women are poorly understood. This literature review reveals that little evidence exists to support the general restriction of oral intake for all labouring women. Education of health professionals and pregnant women regarding intake in labour is required to encourage collaboration in the development and institution of appropriate policies in keeping with the available evidence for best practice.     

Exercise during the childbearing year

Many women wish to continue to pursue an active lifestyle during pregnancy, while the pregnancy itself may provide the motivation for other more sedentary women to begin an exercise program for the sake of improved health/fitness. Also, female competitive athletes, upon becoming pregnant, may wish to continue sports performance and require careful monitoring to assure maternal-fetal safety. This review is designed to assist the perinatal educator who is in the position to advise the pregnant patient on the risks and benefits of physical activity during the childbearing year and provide suggestions for developing individualized exercise programs.     

大连地区妊娠妇女血清中微量元素检测

观察大连地区妇女妊娠后血清中微量元素的变化。采用电感偶合等离子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）检测未孕妇女和孕妇血清中Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca、Al、Pb含量。结果显示孕妇血清中Fe、Mn、Ca低于对照组（P〈0．01）,Cu、Zn高于对照组（P〈0．01）;A1高于对照组（P〉0．05）,Pb低于对照组（P〉0．05）。说明二者血清中部分微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Ca含量有极显著性差异。妊娠妇女应注意孕期的营养膳食补充,避免有害元素摄入。     

Comparisons in perceived importance of and needs for maternal gestational weight information between african american and caucasian pregnant women

This study compared the perceived importance of and needs for maternal gestational weight information between African American and Caucasian pregnant women. A secondary analysis of data from 113 pregnant women (82 African Americans and 31 Caucasians) attending an inner-city prenatal clinic was conducted for this study. Perceived importance of and needs for information were measured in five areas: (1) nutrition, (2) prenatal vitamins, (3) rest/activity balance, (4) exercise, and (5) appropriate weight gain. African American women demonstrated significantly higher perceived importance of and needs for information on rest/activity balance and appropriate weight gain than Caucasian women. Exercise information was rated lower in importance but was most needed by both African American and Caucasian women. Education programs about maternal gestational weight need to be cognizant of ethnic women's needs.     

The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives were: (1) to investigate the association during pregnancy of sexual abuse before the age of 18 on depressive symptomatology in pregnancy, controlling for the presence of negative life events and challenges; and (2) to investigate the association of selected pregnancy outcomes (maternal labor and delivery factors, infant birth weight and gestational age) with sexual abuse before age 18. METHODS: Three hundred fifty-seven primiparous women aged 18 years and older were interviewed between 28-32 weeks gestation with reference to current functioning and past history (Objective 1). Medical record information was abstracted after delivery for pregnancy, labor and delivery factors, and pregnancy outcomes (Objective 2). RESULTS: Thirty-seven percent of the women reported past sexual abuse. Prevalence was not associated with ethnic background, educational level, or hospital payment source. Previously sexually-abused pregnant women reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptomatology, negative life events, and physical and verbal abuse before and during pregnancy. There were no significant associations found between past sexual abuse and labor or delivery variables or newborn outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Previously sexually-abused pregnant women reported a wider constellation of past and current functioning problems than nonabused women although past sexual abuse was not associated with pregnancy outcome. Prenatal care provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of life history and current life events during pregnancy, and to develop a coordinated intervention plan.     

Uncertainty exists in recommendations for reducing prenatal exposure to mercury

The Environmnetal Working Group, Health Care Without Harm (1999) recommends that pregnant women avoid eating tuna, swordfish, or shark and that young children avoid eating more than one serving of tuna per week. Childbirth educators are in a unique position to educate women about the dangers of methylmercury exposure during pregnancy.     

Complementary and alternative therapies

Complementary and alternative therapies are increasingly used by many pregnant women in the United States; however, limited research is available on many therapies. The number of studies should increase with the establishment of the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine by the National Institutes of Health. This column reviews recent studies of both herbal medicines and alternative therapies used in pregnancy.     

正常孕妇及妊高征患者外周血T细胞亚群分析

目的:检测正常孕妇及妊高征患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群变化,了解病人细胞免疫功能状况。方法:采用间接免疫荧光法检测正常孕妇和妊高征患者体内CD3~ 、CD4~ 、CD8~ 细胞水平,并取正常未孕妇女作为对照。结果:(1)与正常未孕妇女相比,正常孕妇体内存在CD8~ 细胞比例增高,CD4~ 细胞比例和CD4~ /CD8~ 比值下降;(2)妊高征患者随病情加重,CD8~ 细胞逐渐降低,而CD4~ 细胞和CD4~ /CD8~ 比值呈现逐渐升高的趋势,重度患者各项指标接近正常未孕妇女水平。结论:正常孕妇呈现相对免疫抑制状态,与之相比,妊高征患者细胞免疫功能失调,这与妊高征病情直接相关。     

A Changing Landscape: Implications of Pregnant Women's Internet Use for Childbirth Educators

Internet use among pregnant women is common and frequent, while attendance at childbirth education classes appears to be on the decline. This article explores why women turn to the Internet in pregnancy and how Internet use may affect their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. It suggests strategies for engaging women's interest in the Internet and describes how doing so may help increase the effectiveness of "traditional" childbirth education while mitigating the potentially overwhelming and confusing aspects of Internet use.     

Development of an Online Education Program for Midwives in Australia to Improve Perinatal Oral Health

It is recommended that all pregnant women should receive a comprehensive oral health evaluation because poor maternal oral health may affect pregnancy outcomes and the general health of the woman and her baby. Midwives are well placed to provide dental health advice and referral. However, in Australia, little emphasis has been placed on the educational needs of midwives to undertake this role. This article outlines the development of an online education program designed to improve midwives’ dental health knowledge, prepare them to assess the oral health of women, refer when required, and provide appropriate dental education to women and their families. The program consists of reading and visual material to assist with the oral health assessment process and includes competency testing.     

In the making: constructing in-school pregnancy in Mozambique

This article examines current in-school pregnancy policy in Mozambique, Decree 39/GM/2003, discussing how it discursively constructs in-school pregnancy as a problem, thereby raising the need to regulate its occurrence. Decree 39/GM/2003 indicates that pregnant schoolgirls should be transferred to night courses in order to complete their education. Although progressive in some respects, as it allows pregnant girls to remain in education, the Decree reflects a global tendency to see education and pregnancy as oppositional. As a consequence, the practical implications of transferring pregnant girls to night courses have the perverse effect of encouraging dropout. Stimulated by this contradiction, I reflect on how the policy text produces a deficit view of the pregnant schoolgirl. This Foucauldian process of subjectification results in a strengthening of the opposition between pregnancy and education. As a result, pregnant schoolgirls are ‘thrown out’ of their education, defeating the inclusive aims of the national policy.     

大学生膳食营养状况分析与探讨

合理营养是全面提高大学生身体素质的重要保证。文章采用24h回顾法,通过对本校272名学生进行连续5小时的膳食调查并进行了膳食营养状况分析,结果表明学生的膳食结构基本合理,但需要进一步完善以保证均衡饮食和合理营养。     

Marginalizing women: images of pregnancy in williams obstetrics

This research analyzes the historical development of the medical construction of the pregnant body in 17 of 20 editions of Williams Obstetrics, an obstetrical textbook published continually from 1904 to 1997. Examination of the visual imagery of these works produced three key findings. First, depictions of the healthy or “normal” pregnant body are virtually absent throughout the series. Second, visual depictions of women's full bodies adhere to a race-based hierarchy of presentation. Finally, the fundamental discourse about pregnant and female bodies communicated to physicians (primarily) by these images is one of pathology and fragmentation. We conclude that the resulting social and medical construction of the pregnant and female body presented in the Williams series is one of disembodiment, abjection, and ultimately marginality. These findings support recent feminist research that criticizes both the increasing erasure of the person of the women from the medical interpretation of pregnancy and the concomitant decrease in women's perceived sense of empowerment as pregnant beings.