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1.
The quality of teachers’ knowledge about how people learn influences students’ learning outcomes. Similarly, the quality of
students’ knowledge about how they learn influences their engagement in self-regulated learning and consequently, their learning
achievement. There is a gap between research findings that support these two premises and teaching–learning practices in classrooms.
In this paper we describe attempts to reduce this gap. In Study 1 we surveyed early adolescent students’ cognitive and metacognitive
strategy use and demonstrated that students’ cognitive and metacognitive strategy knowledge has substantial room for improvement.
In Studies 2 and 3 we collaborated with teachers to embed explicit cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction, using
learning protocols, into regular class lessons. Studies 2 and 3 showed that the learning protocols slipped readily into teachers’
typical lesson designs, scaffolded teachers’ delivery of strategy instruction, and scaffolded some students’ acquisition of
strategy knowledge, although progress was sometimes slow. Recommendations are presented for supporting teachers and students
to engage with cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction. 相似文献
2.
Students’ conceptions of distinct constructivist assumptions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sofie M. M. Loyens Remy M. J. P. Rikers Henk G. Schmidt 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2007,22(2):179-199
The present studies were conducted to investigate students’ conceptions of distinct constructivist assumptions. To that end,
a questionnaire was developed containing statements about four constructivist assumptions: The importance of knowledge construction,
cooperative learning, self-regulation, and the use of authentic problems together with self-perceived inability to learn and
motivation to learn. The studies demonstrate that the questionnaire was able to unearth students’ conceptions of the distinctiveness
of constructivist assumptions. Students were able to identify the six factors underlying the questionnaire, as indicated by
the fit of the hypothesized model. The test for measurement invariance showed that factor loadings were equivalent across
groups and that the questionnaire’s underlying factor structure gave evidence of cross-validation. Testing alternative models
with one and three latent factors resulted in poor model fits, supporting the questionnaire’s latent factor structure. The
questionnaire developed appeared an adequate instrument to investigate students’ conceptions of constructivist assumptions
of learning and students acknowledge the importance of these assumptions as distinct influences on their learning process. 相似文献
3.
Gjalt T. Prins Astrid M. W. Bulte Jan H. Van Driel Albert Pilot 《Research in Science Education》2009,39(5):681-700
In science education students should come to understand the nature and significance of models. A promising strategy to achieve
this goal is using authentic modelling practices as contexts for meaningful learning of models and modelling. An authentic
practice is defined as professionals working with common motives and purposes, pertaining to a similar type of procedure and
applying relevant knowledge on the modelling issue they work on. In this study we evaluate whether the use of authentic practices
initiates adequate students’ involvement. This was done by investigating students’ interests, ownership, familiarity and complexity.
In addition, we evaluated students’ expressed modelling procedures in response to the modelling issues. We designed learning
tasks which were enacted by a focus group of students. Three primary data sources were used to collect data. Firstly, a group
discussion was organised in which students’ reflected on both authentic practices. Secondly, students filled in written questionnaires
containing items on affective and cognitive aspects. Thirdly, the realised modelling procedures by students were analysed.
The results show that students’ involvement was successfully initiated, evidenced by motivated students, willingness to continue
and the completeness and quality of the realised modelling procedures. The design of the learning tasks proved to be successful
in realising this involvement. The results obtained in this study support the strategy of using authentic modelling practices
as contexts for meaningful learning of models and modelling. 相似文献
4.
Huang-Yao Hong Fei-Ching Chen Ching Sing Chai Wen-Ching Chan 《Instructional Science》2011,39(4):467-482
This study investigated the effects of engaging students to collectively learn and work with knowledge in a computer-supported
collaborative learning environment called Knowledge Forum on their views about knowledge building theory and practice. Participants
were 24 teacher-education students who took a required course titled “Integrating Theory and Practice in Teaching.” Data mainly
came from (1) student discourse recorded in a Knowledge Forum database, (2) a survey that examined students’ views about knowledge
building, and (3) interviews with regard to students’ perceived barriers to implementing knowledge building theory in teaching.
Findings suggest that with sustained discourse to construct their collective understanding of the relationships between theory
and practice in teaching for a semester, the participants were able to attain more informed and practical views about knowledge
building theory. In addition, students’ perceived barriers to implementing knowledge building in teaching were identified
and strategies to help overcome these barriers discussed. 相似文献
5.
?se Hansson 《Educational Studies in Mathematics》2012,81(1):103-125
In the multilingual mathematics classroom, the assignment for teachers to scaffold students by means of instruction and guidance in order to facilitate language progress and learning for all is often emphasized. In Sweden, where mathematics education is characterized by a low level of teacher responsibility for students’ performance, this responsibility is in part passed on to students. However, research investigating the complexity of relations between mathematics teaching and learning in multilingual classrooms, as well as effect studies of mathematics teaching, often take the existence of teachers’ responsibility for offering specific content activities for granted. This study investigates the relations between different aspects of responsibility in mathematics teaching and students’ performance in the multilingual mathematics classroom. The relationship between different group compositions and how the responsibility is expressed is also investigated. Multilevel structural equation models using TIMSS 2003 data identified a substantial positive influence on mathematics achievement of teachers taking responsibility for students’ learning processes by organizing and offering a learning environment where the teacher actively and openly supports the students in their mathematics learning, and where the students also are active and learn mathematics themselves. A correlation was also revealed between group composition, in terms of students’ social and linguistic background, and how mathematics teaching was performed. This relationship indicates pedagogical segregation in Swedish mathematics education by teachers taking less responsibility for students’ learning processes in classes with a high proportion of students born abroad or a high proportion of students with low socio-economic status. 相似文献
6.
Variation in Students’ Experiences of the ‘Oxford Tutorial’ 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This paper examines Oxford University students’ conceptions of the role of the tutorial in their learning. An analysis of
interviews with 28 students constituted four qualitatively different conceptions of the ‘Oxford Tutorial’. These ranged from
the tutorial involving the tutor explaining to the student what the student did not know, to the tutorial involving the tutor
and the student in exchanging different points of view and both coming to a new understanding of the topic under discussion.
These different conceptions also appeared to be related to variations in students’ views of the role of the work done in preparation
for the tutorial, their view of the student’s and tutor’s roles in the tutorial, and the conception of knowledge that students
adopted in relation to the tutorial. The implications of this study are discussed in terms of the relations between students’
conceptions of tutorials and their anticipated learning outcomes and its implications for contexts outside of Oxford in terms
of students’ conceptions of academic tasks. 相似文献
7.
Christina Solomonidou Dimitrios Kolokotronis 《Education and Information Technologies》2008,13(3):185-219
This paper mainly describes the role of the multimedia software package ‘Interactions between Objects’ on students’ learning
of mechanical interaction forces and Newton’s laws. We designed and developed this software within social constructivism on
the basis of 226 students’ initial conceptions (categorized in six categories), in order to help students construct appropriate
knowledge about the subject. Teaching with the software was conducted in 13 primary, lower secondary and upper secondary school
classes. In the software’s evaluation research 226 students (aged 11–16) and 13 teachers of the classes participated. Data
analysis showed students’ substantial learning gains with respect to their initial alternative conceptions of the six conceptual
categories. Particularly, the students’ incorrect answers to the post-test questionnaire have perceptibly decreased (a mean
of 65%). In contrast, their correct answers to the questions reached high percentages, from 60% to 90% depending on the question
and the students’ age. Also the teachers’ opinions and comments enhanced software’s evaluation. The contribution of the software’s
specific characteristics on students’ learning is discussed along with implications for designing constructivist science learning
tools. 相似文献
8.
The present work describes an experience of educational innovation in a university context. Its aim was to determine the relationship
between students’ frequency of use of online self-assessment with feedback and their final performance on the course, taking
into account both learners’ motivation and perceived usefulness of these resources for their learning process. Furthermore,
we studied the relationship between metacognitive variables and academic performance and/or execution of activities aimed
at learning the course content. To this end we created self-assessment material with the Hot Potatoes educational program and assessed the degree to which students took advantage of the tool, their satisfaction with it and
their perceived knowledge, using ad hoc questionnaires. The results indicate better academic performance in those students
that use interactive self-assessment. It should be pointed out that even students with low motivation levels made use of this
teaching tool. Finally, a relationship was found between metacognitive variables and students’ effort and performance. We
discuss the need to include self-assessment in the curriculum, with a view to improving students’ metacognitive knowledge. 相似文献
9.
The Impact of Learner’s Prior Knowledge on Their Use of Chemistry Computer Simulations: A Case Study 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Han-Chin Liu Thomas Andre Thomas Greenbowe 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2008,17(5):466-482
It is complicated to design a computer simulation that adapts to students with different characteristics. This study documented
cases that show how college students’ prior chemistry knowledge level affected their interaction with peers and their approach
to solving problems with the use of computer simulations that were designed to learn electrochemistry. Students with different
prior knowledge levels were found to use different approaches to solving problems with the use of computer simulations. In
particular, the cases showed that students with a high level of prior knowledge tended to use the equations and formulas to
accomplish the learning tasks and then use the computer simulations to confirm their predictions. Students with a low level
of prior chemistry knowledge used the computer simulations as the main resources to accomplish their tasks. Considerations
of individual differences and the integration of learning materials were suggested for further research on instructional use
of computer simulations. 相似文献
10.
This paper shows how the patterns of variation created in the teaching were critical in helping a class of Primary 3 students
in Hong Kong to learn about the colour of light, so that the students attained conceptual rather than procedural knowledge.
A ‘Learning Study’ approach was adopted, which is a Lesson Study grounded in a particular learning theory to improve teaching
and learning. This study, based on the learning theory of Variation advanced by Marton and Booth, was premised on three types
of variation: variation in students’ ways of experiencing what is to be taught/learnt (V1), variation in teachers’ ways of
dealing with the ‘object of learning’ (V2), and the use of ‘pattern of variation’ as a guiding principle of pedagogical design
to enhance students’ learning (V3). In planning the lesson, a conscious effort was made to create relevant patterns of variation,
i.e. varying certain critical aspect(s) while keeping other aspects of the object of learning invariant in order to help students
to discern those aspects. Comparison between the results of the pre- and post-test shows that there was significant gain in
the students’ learning outcomes with respect to the intended object of learning. The findings contribute knowledge to how
the Theory of Variation can be used in practice. It also illustrates how teachers can make use of this theoretical framework
to analyze their own teaching and thereby, develop an analytical awareness of teaching and learning. 相似文献
11.
It is widely recognized that metacognition is an important mediator for successful and high-level learning, especially in
higher education. Nevertheless, a majority of higher education students possess insufficient metacognitive knowledge and regulation
skills to self-regulate their learning adequately. This study explores the potential of reciprocal peer tutoring to promote
both university students’ metacognitive knowledge and their metacognitive regulation skills. The study was conducted in a
naturalistic higher education setting, involving 67 students tutoring each other during a complete semester. A multi-method
pretest–posttest design was used combining a self-report questionnaire, assessing students’ metacognitive knowledge and their
perceived metacognitive skilfulness, with the analysis of think-aloud protocols, revealing students’ actual use of metacognitive
strategies. Results indicate no significant pretest to posttest differences in students’ metacognitive knowledge, nor in their
perception of metacognitive skill use. In contrast, significant changes are observed in students’ actual metacognitive regulation.
At posttest, students demonstrate significantly more frequent and more varied use of metacognitive regulation, especially
during the orientation, monitoring, and evaluation phases. Furthermore, our findings point to an increase in more profound
and higher-quality strategy use at posttest. 相似文献
12.
Learning in vocational schools and workplaces are the two main components of vocational education. Students have to develop professional competences by building meaningful relations between knowledge, skills and attitudes. There are, however, some major concerns about the combination of learning in these two learning environments, since vocational schools are primarily based on the rationales of learning and theory, while workplaces are based on the rationales of working and practice. This study therefore aims to structure empirical insights into students’ learning processes during the combination of school-based learning and workplace learning in vocational education. A review-study has been conducted in which ultimately 24 articles were analyzed thoroughly. The review shows that students’ learning processes in vocational schools and workplaces are related to six main themes: students’ expertise development, students’ learning styles, students’ integration of knowledge acquired in school and workplace, processes of knowledge development, students’ motivations for learning and students’ professional identity development. Our results show that students are novices who use specific and different learning styles and learning activities in vocational schools and workplaces. It is concluded that the enhancement of students’ learning processes needs to be adaptive and differentiated in nature. Recommendations for further research are elaborated and suggestions for the enhancement of students’ learning processes are discussed using insights from hybrid learning environments and boundary crossing via boundary objects. 相似文献
13.
Markus Nivala Roger S?lj? Hans Rystedt Pauliina Kronqvist Erno Lehtinen 《Instructional Science》2012,40(5):799-811
New representational technologies, such as virtual microscopy, create new affordances for medical education. In the article, a study on the following two issues is reported: (a) How does collaborative use of virtual microscopy shape students’ engagement with and learning from virtual slides of tissue specimen? (b) How do visual and conceptual cues scaffold students’ reasoning? Fifteen pairs of medical students participated in two sessions in which the students used a virtual microscope as a diagnostic tool in the context of learning pathology. The slides provided the students with varying levels of visual and conceptual cueing. The sessions were videotaped, and the students’ reasoning while using the microscope was analysed. The students’ written answers were analysed in terms of the findings they made and the diagnoses suggested. At a general level, the results show that students engage actively in this kind of virtually-mediated environment. The visual and/or conceptual cues improve students’ performance, and guide the students’ perception and reasoning in a manner that is productive from the point of view of learning to make clinically relevant observations. Scaffolding students’ reasoning process through cues furthermore assists the students in avoiding the most obvious pitfalls such as overlooking critical areas of a specimen. Overall, visual and conceptual cues improve students’ reasoning in perceptual and cognitive terms, while still allowing space for the making of “relevant mistakes” that may further the students’ diagnostic skills. 相似文献
14.
Hein Broekkamp Bernadette H. A. M. Van Hout-Wolters 《Educational Psychology Review》2007,19(4):401-428
According to theories of students’ test preparation, students may optimize their test performance by paying special attention
to important information and processing this information in ways that are appropriate to the type of questions included in
the forthcoming test. However, research is unclear about the conditions under which students adapt study strategies to the
demands of test preparation tasks. Moreover, little is known about the processes and abilities involved. In this article,
we present a theoretical model that integrates various factors that seem relevant to strategy adaptation in test preparation,
including the teacher’s intended task demands, students’ perceptions of these demands, students’ personal goals for studying,
and their ability to adapt and implement strategies. The aim of our model is to stimulate further research on strategy adaptation,
which may eventually provide evidence-based guidelines that could help teachers support the development of students’ strategy
adaptability and use tests as learning tools. 相似文献
15.
Ornit Spektor-Levy Bat-Sheva Eylon Zahava Scherz 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2009,7(5):875-903
This study explores the impact of ‘Scientific Communication’ (SC) skills instruction on students’ performances in scientific
literacy assessment tasks. We present a general model for skills instruction, characterized by explicit and spiral instruction,
integration into content learning, practice in several scientific topics, and application of performance tasks. The model
was applied through an instructional program that focuses on the following learning skills: information retrieval, scientific
reading and writing, listening and observing, data representation, and knowledge presentation. Throughout the 7th–8th grades,
160 students learned the whole program or one of its components: structured instruction (SI) of SC skills, or performance tasks (PT). A comparison group of 42 students did not receive instruction of SC skills. Students’ performances were assessed through
a questionnaire and a complex task that measured students’ scientific content knowledge, SC skills, and the quality of the
final products. Results indicated that students who learned the whole program or one of its components achieved higher scores
in all categories than the comparison group students. High achievers can benefit from just one component of the program: either
structured instruction (SI) or learning from practice (PT). However, they can hardly acquire SC skills spontaneously. Low
and average achievers require both components of the SC program to improve their performances. Results show that without planned
intervention, the spontaneous attainment of SC skills occurs only to a limited extent. Systematic teaching of skills can make
a significant difference. The explicit instruction of skills integrated into scientific topics, the opportunities to implement
the skills in different contexts, the role of performance tasks as ‘assessment for learning’—all these features are important
and necessary for improving students’ scientific literacy. Our general model of skills instruction can be applied to the instruction
of other high-order skills. Its application can lead to the realization of the central goal of science education: literate
students possessing scientific knowledge. 相似文献
16.
Attitudes toward learning (ATL) have been shown to influence students’ learning outcomes. However, there is a lack of knowledge
about the ways in which the interaction between ATL, the learning situation, and the level of students’ prior knowledge influence
affective reactions and conceptual change. In this study, a simulation of acid-base titrations was examined to assess the
impact of instruction format, level of prior knowledge and students’ ATL on university-level students, with respect to flow
experiences (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) and perceived conceptual change. Results show that the use of guiding instructions was
correlated with a perceived conceptual change and high levels of “Challenge,” “Enjoyment,” and “Concentration,” but low sense
of control during the exercise. Students who used the open instructions scored highly on the “Control flow” component, but
their perceived learning score was lower than that for the students who used the guiding instructions. In neither case did
students’ ATL or their pre-test results contribute strongly to students’ flow experiences or their perceived learning in the
two different learning situations. 相似文献
17.
Montserrat Castelló Anna I?esta Marta Pardo Eva Liesa Reinaldo Martínez-Fernández 《Higher Education》2012,63(1):97-115
This intervention study aimed at helping undergraduate students of psychology learn to use the discursive resources useful
to make academic voice visible in their texts and to improve their writing practices. The intervention involved tutorial meetings
and collaborative revisions in two different learning environments, on-line and face-to face. The final text quality, the
students’ knowledge and the amount and the quality of revisions were assessed in both conditions. Results show that the quality
of the texts improved for both intervention groups in contrast with for control group, and better texts were related with
higher rates of revision and more students’ satisfaction with the intervention. 相似文献
18.
Anna Vikström 《Journal of Science Teacher Education》2008,19(3):211-233
Within the framework of variation theory, 7- to 12-year-old students’ ways of understanding cellular respiration and photosynthesis
were investigated against the background of their teachers’ teaching. Eighteen students were selected by the teachers and
interviewed by the researcher. Lessons were observed and video recorded, and stimulated-recall interviews with the teachers
were conducted. The students’ understanding of the function of oxygen and sugar in plants was described in four categories.
The study concludes that young students can develop complex understanding if opportunities to learn are presented. The opportunities
depended mainly on the language used by the teachers, such as metaphors, pointing out critical aspects of the object of learning.
The study has implications for the relationship between teachers’ competence and students’ learning. 相似文献
19.
Materials science, which entails the practices of selecting, testing, and characterizing materials, is an important discipline
within the study of matter. This paper examines how third grade students’ materials science performance changes over the course
of instruction based on an engineering design challenge. We conducted a case study of nine students who participated in engineering
design-based science instruction with the goal of constructing a stable, quiet, thermally comfortable model house. The learning
outcome of materials science practices was assessed by clinical interviews conducted before and after the instruction, and
the learning process was assessed by students’ workbooks completed during the instruction. The interviews included two materials
selection tasks for designing a sturdy stepstool and an insulated pet habitat. Results indicate that: (1) students significantly
improved on both materials selection tasks, (2) their gains were significantly positively associated with the degree of completion
of their workbooks, and (3) students who were highly engaged with the workbook’s reflective record-keeping tasks showed the
greatest improvement on the interviews. These findings suggest the important role workbooks can play in facilitating elementary
students’ learning of science through authentic activity such as engineering design. 相似文献