WISHFUL THINKING AMONG VOTERS: MOTIVATIONAL AND COGNITIVE INFLUENCES

About 1,450 voters in the 1993 mayorial election in Jerusalemmade predictions about election outcomes and stated their preferencefor one of the two candidates. Strong wishful thinking effectswere found, predictions varying in a linear trend as a functionof the direction and intensity of preference. Half of the respondentswere promised a substantial monetary reward if their predictionswould be accurate (motivational remedy). Knowledge about theresults of the most recent polls was tested, and the predictionsmade by accurate poll respondents (14.7 percent of the sample)were compared to those of non-accurate poll respondents (cognitiveremedy). It was hypothesized that both remedies would reducewishful thinking (i.e. reduce the differences in predictionamong groups differing in preference). Significant interactioneffects indicated that both remedies reduced wishful thinkingsomewhat. However, these effects were of very small magnitudecompared to the high magnitude of the wishful thinking effects,and the overall intensity of wishful thinking remained unchanged.Differences between level of significance and effect magnitudeswere discussed, focusing on implications for theoretical versusapplied social research. It was also found that non-accuratepoll respondents demonstrated a wishful thinking-like effectin their reported memory of the results of the polls, whichwere made public just one or two days previously.     

且行且思——我参与教育文化改革点滴

倘若从十一届三中全会算起,改革开放至今已35年了,我也由青壮年进入了老年的行列.这些年,我的工作岗位几经变动,但始终未同教育和文化失去联系.如今己从大潮中退出,回忆一些难忘的经历,思索一些相关的得失经验,对于我们的文化教育事业,对于我国知识分子的成长道路,也许是不无意义的. 教育篇 1.参与高考试卷命题 改革开放初期,我是复旦附中的语文教师,有段经历,至今仍记忆犹新.     

THINKING ABOUT CITIZEN JOURNALISM

This study seeks to understand how community newspaper editors negotiate the professional complexities posed by citizen journalism—a phenomenon that, even in the abstract, would appear to undermine their gatekeeping control over content. Through interviews with 29 newspaper editors in Texas, we find that some editors either favor or disfavor the use of citizen journalism primarily on philosophical grounds, while others favor or disfavor its use mainly on practical grounds. This paper presents a mapping of these philosophical-versus-practical concerns as a model for visualizing the conflicting impulses at the heart of a larger professional debate over the place and purpose of user-generated content in the news production process. Moreover, these findings are viewed in light of gatekeeping, which, we argue, offers a welcome point of entry for the study of participatory media work as it evolves at news organizations large and small alike. In contributing to a growing body of literature on user-generated content in news contexts, this study points to the need for better understanding the causes and consequences of journalism's hyperlocal turn, as digitization enables newswork to serve increasingly niche geographic and virtual communities.     

变中求存,存中思变-图书馆学、情报学与信息管理学等关系再思考

评述了国内现有的关于图书馆学、情报学、信息科学、信息管理学等学科关系的几种代表性观点,结合图书馆学、情报学、信息管理学等学科发展的实践,分析了各学科之间的关系,并对本科、研究生专业设置和课程体系提出了建议。     

对高校图书馆建设数字资源存储系统的思考

对高校图书馆数字资源长期保存的重要性进行了分析,阐述了数字资源的特点,比较了DAS、SAN、NAS等几种常用的数字资源存储技术,重点分析了北京大学图书馆的数字资源存储系统,并对未来的发展建设提出了建议。     

WHAT THE PUBLIC THINKS ABOUT HOW WE KNOW WHAT IT IS THINKING

In his 1987 presidential address to the annual AAPOR meeting,J. Ronald Milavsky stated that ‘we need to start payingmore attention to the public's estimate of the worth of surveyresearch’ (1987, p. 447), but the literature shows littleresponse to that call. Historically, broad-stroked conclusionsabout public attitudes have been positive, but the data arescanty and there has been little analysis of the structure ofopinions. In this study, we take a step in examining what thepublic thinks about how we know what it is thinking. In additionto standard direct questions about the accuracy and frequencyof polls, we developed indirect measures designed to tap attitudesabout polling as a mechanism in policy representation. Our evidencesuggests that poll confidence is multi-dimensional and thatthe indirect questions provide insights not apparent when peopleare asked directly about polling. We suggest additional researchpaths to explore the nature, sources, and implications of bothpositive and negative dimensions to attitudes about public policypolls.     

COLLABORATION,CONSENSUS, AND CONFLICT

Wikinews began in November 2004 as a collaborative online journalism project and sister project of Wikipedia, the well-known collaborative online encyclopedia. This article explores how Wikinews members have defined “news” and the ramifications of that definition for how they have been able to produce news collaboratively. One of the defining characteristics of Wikinews is a dedication to the neutral point of view (NPOV) policy, which was adopted from Wikipedia. NPOV serves as a structuring device for defining news, but also conducts a great deal of organizational work and is in turn structured by the discourses and debates of NPOV in stories. Further, a commitment to an organizational culture of consensus and collaboration, although not without handicaps in a news production environment, is a laudable achievement among Wikinews participants and could be a precursor to the way that citizen journalists will become more involved in news production in a sustainable way.     

数字化、电子化、网络化和虚拟化名词的本质概念及应用

随着计算机、通讯技术和信息资源的不断发展和交融,越来越多的计算机、信息术语令人感到困惑,出现了许多混用甚至误用的现象。作者针对这一现象,对目前使用较多的数字化、电子化、网络化和虚拟化这四个术语进行了大量研究分析,就四者的概念、本质、角色地位等进行了详细的阐述。在此基础上,对四者的关系也进行了详细的分析比较,并进一步给出了其混用误用的实例和正确使用的情景介绍,旨在给大家一个较清晰的认识,从而减少对它们的混用和误用现象,营造出有序的信息环境。