Tracing Young Children's Scientific Reasoning

This paper explores the scientific reasoning of 14 children across their first two years of primary school. Children's view of experimentation, their approach to exploration, and their negotiation of competing knowledge claims, are interpreted in terms of categories of epistemological reasoning. Children's epistemological reasoning is distinguished from their ability to control variables. While individual children differ substantially, they show a relatively steady growth in their reasoning, with some contextual variation. A number of these children are reasoning at a level well in advance of curriculum expectations, and it is argued that current recommended practice in primary science needs to be rethought. The data is used to explore the relationship between reasoning and knowledge, and to argue that the generation and exploration of ideas must be the key driver of scientific activity in the primary school.     

The Role of Metacognitive Activities in the Contextual Use of Primary Pupils' Conceptions of Science

This paper addresses the problematic nature of pupils' attempts to use their science conceptions in contexts other than the ones in which the original learning of the concept takes place. It reports research with 60 Year-5 primary school children studying current electricity, during which the researcher employed metacognitive activities alongside normal teaching procedures, in an attempt to enhance cross-contextual use of taught concepts. In order to assess the effect of different contexts on pupils' performance, a test was repeatedly administered over one school year that tested the same concepts in distinctly different contexts. Although the role of a familiar context is only partly determined, the results suggest that pupils' ability to use concepts in unfamiliar contexts is stable for a long period of time. The results also support the provision of metacognitive activities as a means of enhancing pupils' ability for cross-contextual use of their conceptions of science.     

一个有趣的力学模型的守恒量的求解

从一个有趣的力学模型的运动微分方程出发,首先得到了系统的运动积分常数（即微分方程的首次积分）,从而得到系统的Lagrange函数和Hamihon函数,再根据Hamilton函数的形式,由Poisson括号的性质推出了系统的三个守恒量,并对三个守恒量相应的物理意义作了合理的解释。     

The Impact of an Engineering Design Curriculum on Science Reasoning in an Urban Setting

This study examines the use of engineering design to facilitate science reasoning in high-needs, urban classrooms. The Design for Science unit utilizes scaffolds consistent with reform science instruction to assist students in constructing a design solution to satisfy a need from their everyday lives. This provides a meaningful context in which students could reason scientifically. Eighth grade students from two urban schools participated in the unit. Both schools contained large percentages of racial/ethnic minority and economically disadvantaged students. Students demonstrated statistically significant improvement on a paper-and-pencil, multiple-choice pre and post assessment. The results compare favorably with both a high-quality inquiry science unit and a traditional textbook curriculum. Implications for the use of design-based curricula as a viable alternative for teaching science reasoning in high-needs, urban settings are discussed.

高师理科教学与学生科学推理能力的培养

科学推理能力是理科师范生应具备的一种重要能力.用 Lawson科学推理能力测试量表(LCTSR)对四所师范院校理科学生进行测试,结果显示理科学生科学推理测试成绩普遍偏低;测查的7个能力维度水平发展不均衡,其中高级控制变量推理能力最低;能力维度得分与院校存在显著相关性但与专业和年级的相关性不显著,这表明师范院校理科教学对提高学生科学推理能力作用不明显.为此,结合理科教学现状进行深入分析了原因并提出理科教学改革的建议.     

The zones framework for both teaching and learning: application to graduate student teaching assistants

The zones framework conceived for the examination of thinking about teaching, is validated, and extended to the examination of thinking about learning. This is done by extending the framework to examine thinking about teaching and learning in a population of science graduate student teaching assistants. Semi‐structured interviews explore these students’ teaching and learning experiences, how their experiences relate to their knowledge of educational theory, and how they have formed their ideas about what constitutes good teaching. The article demonstrates that the zones framework can be extended to thinking about learning, and that it is appropriate for examining the thinking of students as well as teachers. Recommendations for further research are made, including the exploration of discipline‐specific thinking.     

数学创造的源泉：猜想与合情推理

在数学教学中会遇到具有探究价值的问题,及时捕捉,启发学生运用归纳、类比、猜想的思维方法,将问题横向联系,纵向拓展,对激发学生学习兴趣、提升学习能力、挖掘学习潜能很有帮助。为此,从一道与椭圆有关的解析几何题出发,运用猜想方法,由表及里,探求出问题本质;用归纳法纵向延伸,归纳出一般结论;用类比法横向拓展,类比椭圆、双曲线共有的两个性质,实现从解一题到通一类、会一法的跨越。     

The Classroom Practice of a Prospective Secondary Biology Teacher and His Conceptions of the Nature of Science and of Teaching and Learning Science

We describe research carried out with a prospective secondary biology teacher, whom we shall call Miguel. The teacher’s conceptions of the nature of science and of learning and teaching science were analyzed and compared with his classroom practice when teaching science lessons. The data gathering procedures were interviews analyzed by means of cognitive maps and classroom observations. The results reflected Miguel’s relativist conceptions of the nature of science that were consistent with his constructivist orientation in learning and teaching. In the classroom, however, he followed a strategy of transmission of external knowledge based exclusively on teacher explanations, the students being regarded as mere passive receptors of that knowledge. Miguel’s classroom behavior was completely contrary to his conceptions, which were to reinforce the students’ alternative ideas through debate, and not by means of teacher explanation.     

Prospective teachers' initial conceptions about pupils' understanding of science and mathematics

Earlier reports have shown that prospective teachers' conceptions about teaching science to a high degree are resistant and do not change substantially during the teacher‐training programme. In our investigation we elucidate the prospective teachers' initial conceptions about pupils' understanding of science and mathematics. We applied ‘The Lesson Preparation Method' and used a phenomenographic approach in order to reveal the range of conceptions that the prospective teachers hold. A third of the prospective teachers did not consider pupils' conceptions when planning lessons. The rest of the 32 participants expressed awareness; some of the prospective teachers even referred to subject‐specific teaching experience. Also regarding the prospective teachers' conceptions about pupils' knowledge and beliefs, as well as about pupils' difficulties, there was a significant diversity. By raising these issues about pedagogical content knowledge the prospective teachers' conceptions can be extended and developed during the education.     

儿童非形式推理的研究及展望

非形式推理是指个体对有争议的、结构不良的问题提出观点,并利用理由推导出该观点具有合理性的推理过程,是儿童对有争议的问题发表观点或对结构不良问题进行论证过程中的主要推理形式。儿童从三岁左右就已经具有了非形式推理能力,并且随着年龄的增长其非形式推理能力逐渐提高,当前有三种模型对儿童非形式推理的一般过程进行了解释。在今后的研究中建立新的衡量标准,对非形式推理的发生时间、发展特点和培养模式进行更为细致的研究将是研究的出发点,如何用思维倾向与智力的结合来预测个体的非形式推理活动,如何将动态加工模型纳入到双系统作用模型的体系中更好的说明非形式推理的一般过程．将是研究的重点和难点。     

The Conceptions about Teamwork Questionnaire: design,reliability and validity with secondary students

In this study, we present the conceptions about teamwork questionnaire designed to evaluate the conceptions that secondary students have about teamwork. Participants were 309 students aged 15–16 from eight secondary schools, seven from Barcelona and one from Girona (Spain). The original 27-item questionnaire was reduced according to expert assessment and exploratory factor analysis to 20 items related to three conceptions about teamwork: individualistic, complementary and cooperative. By scores of factor analysis, the results show that empirically there are these three conceptions about teamwork with an appropriate level of reliability and of construct validity according to the theoretical hypotheses. There is no gender difference, but there are differences regarding types of school. The results are discussed with an emphasis on the relevance of this questionnaire as an instrument to identify and train secondary students in the conceptions about teamwork.     

劳动密集型企业实习实践活动中存在的问题及对策

开展校企合作、加强实践教学在高技能型人才的培养中发挥了重要作用。目前。我国企业参与校企合作的意识普遍还不够强。与高校开展校企合作的主要是一些劳动密集型企业。但近年来学生在劳动密集型企业实习实践过程中出现了一些问题。需要学校、企业、社会三方共同努力。转变观念。系统设计。精细管理。共同促进校企合作的深入开展。     

归纳推理的影响因素及脑机制研究

归纳推理的影响因素不同于归纳推理的心理效应。影响个体归纳推理能力的因素主要包括：知识经验。工作记忆的大小,个性特征。对归纳推理的脑机制研究主要从两方面来进行,即对脑损伤病人的研究和神经影像学研究。通过对当前归纳推理中的神经影像学研究的综述发现与归纳推理有关的大脑部位主要是左侧前额叶背外侧部（BA8／9）,但是已有的归纳推理的脑机制研究还很贫乏,而且存在很多的不足,加强这一领域的研究有着十分深远的意义。     

集约型教育与对称化素质——势科学理论视角

宇宙演化与社会发展是由不同层次上的势推动的。真空势推动了宇宙暴涨,量子势是量子化的唯一缘由,化学势、生物势是化学反应和生物成长的根本动力,而信息势则是素质成长和教育发展的动力之源。信息量与信息势是等价的,集约型教育就是"信息量最大作用量最小"的教育,由于对称性元素产生最大的信息量,所以,集约型教育即对称化教育,对称化教育产生对称化素质形成素质的和谐结构,包含最大素质信息量,具有最好的就业竞争力。势科学理论将社会科学与自然科学在基本的逻辑层次上统一起来,为各种学科交叉研究和通识性教育提供了可操作的指导原则,为教育学理论的重建开辟了新的研究路径。     

认知负荷与材料模式对学生类比推理迁移影响的再研究

莫雷和Robins对于“材料模式、认知负荷对学生类比推理迁移的影响”所做的实验,其结果存在着明显的差异：莫雷的结论支持积极的反应理论,Robins的结论支持积极的学习理论。为了确定差异产生的原因和条件,以及他们的结论正确与否。我们通过实验作了进一步验证。通过对数据进行方差分析和多重比较得出结论：(1)莫雷和Robins的实验结论所产生的主要差异是由于他们所选择的被试存在着较大的年龄差别;(2)积极的学习理论和积极的反应理论并不是相互矛盾的,而是有各自成立的前提条件,二者各适用于不同的年龄阶段。     

推理关系形式化产生的问题及哲学思考

推理关系的形式化带来了“实质蕴涵怪论”问题,本文对推理关系形式化引起的歧义和“实质蕴涵怪论”的产生进行了分析。通过分析认为,推理是逻辑的研究对象,而逻辑又必须应用推理,推理的这种双重角色决定了对推理进行形式化就会产生“怪论”。虽然“怪论”难以消除,但在一定条件下也是可以消除的。既然推理如此特殊,我们只能通过扩充逻辑种类的方法间接完成对推理的刻画,应该抛弃狭义的逻辑观,使数理逻辑的优势发扬光大。     

The Features and Relationships of Reasoning,Proving and Understanding Proof in Number Patterns

Three issues about students reasoning, proving and understanding proof in number patterns are investigated in this paper. The first is to elaborate the features of junior high students reasoning on linear and quadratic number patterns. The second is to study the relationships between 9th graders justification of mathematical statements about number patterns and their understanding of proof and disproof. The third is to evaluate how reasoning on number patterns is related to constructing proofs. Students in this study were nationally sampled by means of two stages. Some new findings which have not been discovered in some past researches are reported here. These findings include (1) checking geometric number patterns appears to have different positions between the tasks of the linear and the quadratic expressions; (2) proof with the algebraic mode is easy to know but hard to do; (3) disproof with only one counterexample is hard to know but easy to do; (4) arguments with empirical mode or specific symbols were hard for students to validate but very convincing for them; and (5) reasoning on number patterns is supportive for proving in number patterns, and reasoning on number patterns and proof in algebra should be designed as complementary activities for developing algebraic thinking.     

University Education and Deliberation: In Defence of Practical Reasoning

In this article I argue that the use of practical reasoning in university classrooms is necessary to establish conditions under which university teachers and students can move beyond the dominant “transmission mode” of education (teaching and learning). This mode of education had been, and in many cases remains to be prevalent in several (South African) university classrooms. I argue what it could mean for university teachers and students to reason together with one another in classroom practices. Central to reasoning together is the idea of deliberation which provides opportunities for teachers and students to experience “intelligent action” (Biesta 2004a) that could enhance educational problem solving in (and beyond) university classrooms.