近二十年来我国特殊儿童同伴关系影响因素研究

同伴关系是儿童生活经验中重要的社会关系之一,在儿童社会化过程中起着独特而无法替代的作用。我国特殊儿童同伴关系影响因素的研究对象涉及听觉障碍、视觉障碍、智力障碍和学习困难四类特殊儿童。这四类特殊儿童同伴关系影响因素的研究程度不同,如视障儿童同伴关系的影响因素研究只涉及心理理论,而影响学习困难儿童同伴关系的因素较为全面,包括性别、个性、社会行为、社会认知和情绪等个体的内在因素,还涉及外部因素中的家庭因素。     

Principals' and teachers' attitudes and knowledge of inclusive education as predictors of effective teaching practices in Ghana

Surveys and observations were undertaken in selected primary schools in Ghana to determine whether principals' and teachers' attitudes towards and knowledge of inclusive education, as well as principals' expectations of teachers in implementing inclusion, were predictors of effective teaching practices in their classrooms. The sample of 128 educators (20 principals and 108 teachers) drawn from 20 primary schools in two districts, were required to respond to questionnaire measures of Attitude Towards Inclusive Education Scale (ATIES), Knowledge of Inclusive Education Scale (KIES) and Principals' Expectations Scale (PES). Of the total number of teachers ( N  = 108), 37 were observed during instructional delivery in their classrooms. The data were analysed by a variety of statistical procedures including Regression Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis. In the context of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1985), the results showed that whilst attitudes towards inclusion (attitude element) and knowledge of inclusion (perceived behavioural control element) predicted effective teaching practices, principals' expectations (subjective norm) did not. Implications for the implementation of effective inclusive practices in Ghanaian schools and the need for future research are discussed.     

The participation of children with multi-sensory impairment in person-centred planning

Consultation with pupils with learning disabilities through the use of person-centred planning methods is becoming increasingly common. However, little research has focused on pupils with multi-sensory impairment (MSI). Kim Taylor has taught children with special educational needs for over 25 years and holds a post-graduate diploma in multi-sensory impairment. In this article, she suggests that the characteristics of MSI affect the capacity of some pupils to participate in person-centred planning. Kim Taylor presents case studies in which she investigates the impact that the characteristics of MSI have upon adults'abilities to elicit the views of children with MSI about their experiences in the classroom. The article provides an analysis of the factors that maximised the children's involvement and participation and a commentary on the trustworthiness of the outcomes of the consultation processes described. At the end of her article, Kim Taylor commits herself to implementing improved approaches in the classroom and calls upon other practitioners to follow her example.     

视障人员考试平台开发及其学生试用探究

为有效解决视障教育师生在学习评价与反馈上遇到的困难,在现代特殊教育观念指导下,运用缺陷补偿原理,开发了“新特视障人员考试平台”。该平台全面考虑视障学生考试工作的实际情况,为视障教育学生、教师和管理人员量身设计,使盲生、低视生和视觉正常生同试卷同场考试成为可能。研究者组织肓生试用了该平台并进行了问卷调查,在统计分析基础上得出如下结论:1、系统的功能和操作方式,较好满足了盲生和低视力学生的不同需求;2、两次试用后,所有学生都接受并喜欢这种通过计算机平台进行考试的方式。     

全纳教育的实践困惑及其反思

近十多年来,全纳教育一直是特殊教育领域的研究热点。纵观其在世界范围内的发展历程,尽管已经取得了丰硕的成果,但其在实践过程中所遇到的问题却不容忽视。全纳教育在实践中所面临的社会学范式危机、心理学困境,乃至班级教学中所出现的问题,都需要我们以理性的态度反思全纳教育,认识到全纳教育并非唯一、万能的特殊教育模式,进而辩证地对待我国特殊儿童随班就读问题。     

Adaptations for young children with visual impairments in regular settings

Adaptations must be made in order to maximize the learning potential of children with visual impairments to compensate for learning which occurs through visual observation. As the impetus for integration in national and state legislation accelerates, more young children with visual impairments are being educated in community settings with nondisabled peers. The purpose of this article is to provide the child-care and preschool teacher with information that may facilitate the development of children with visual impairments with integrated or inclusive settings.     

Classroom teachers’ craft knowledge of their inclusive practice

Whilst recent decades have seen significant progress in research on inclusive education, many teachers still feel that the research literature does not fully address their professional concerns about how to enact a policy of inclusion in their classrooms. To help to bridge this gap, we drew on the concept of craft knowledge to undertake a detailed study in two Scottish primary schools of the practice of class teachers who are committed to meet the needs of all learners. This paper describes the processes involved, and considers how these helped us to develop a greater understanding of what constitutes inclusive practice, whilst also contributing to a more robustly theorised knowledge of what we have termed inclusive pedagogy, or the inclusive pedagogical approach. Methodological complexities arising from the use of the concept of craft knowledge are also explored.     

Pre-service teachers’ views on inclusive education in Ghana

Pre-service teacher training has been identified as one of the key factors in the promotion of inclusive education. In this study, 200 final-year pre-service teachers from three colleges of education in Ghana were surveyed about their views and knowledge on inclusive education and special educational needs (SEN). The results showed that almost all of the participants had been introduced to the concept of inclusion during their studies. However, only one-third felt highly, or somewhat, prepared to teach children with SEN. The level of knowledge and feelings of self-efficacy were highest among those pre-service teachers who had personal experience of supporting children with SEN during their practicum. The participants tended to prefer those inclusive instructional strategies that were easiest to apply in general education classrooms. Significant differences in the outcomes were found between the three colleges studied indicating strong effects of the teacher education model applied in each college.     

以同伴支持促留守儿童的心理健康发展

同伴关系是留守儿童获得社会支持和安全感的重要源泉,同伴交往经验可以促进留守儿童自我概念和人格的发展,为其提供行为榜样。因此,通过为留守儿童之间的相互了解和交往创设有利条件,并实施有效的交往指导,倡导支持性的交往行为等教育措施,帮助留守儿童建立支持性的同伴关系,进而促进留守儿童心理行为健康发展。     

序差互动:思想政治教育主体关系的实践形态

对思想政治教育主体性的肯定与对主体性思想政治教育的质疑,留下了思想政治教育主体关系的探讨空间.序差①互动是思想政治教育主体关系的实践形态.序差体现了教育者的主导作用,互动体现了教育对象的主体诉求,二者的矛盾运动直接影响着思想政治教育实效与张力.     

Investigating inclusive education in primary schools in Ghana: what inclusive cultures,environment, and practices support implementation?

Schools create an inclusive environment and cultures and enact inclusive practices to cater for the learning and social needs of learners. Using an adapted Ghana Inclusive Education Monitoring Tool (IEMT), which is based on the Index for Inclusion, we collected data from 74 headteachers of primary schools. Data analysis involved percentages and frequencies of multiple-scaled items of the adapted IEMT. Findings revealed headteachers admit learners with special needs and disabilities (LwSEND) to set the stage for inclusion, while teachers accept these learners in schools. Collaborative cultures among teachers, parents, and other community stakeholders support inclusive education. While classrooms had somewhat good ventilation and lighting, school facilities were less accessible to all learners. Knowledge to adapt the curriculum and the flow of inclusive knowledge among teachers was limited. Suggestions to improve inclusive education include school-wide professional development for sharing inclusive knowledge, enhancing teachers' pedagogical competence and promoting supportive inclusive cultures.     

融合教育中的同伴作用策略

同伴作用是融合教育中需要予以特别重视的问题,其决定着融合教育的质量,它可以分担教师的工作压力和拓展融合教育的发展。常用的同伴作用策略有同伴指导、合作学习和反向融合。同伴作用策略的实施应着眼于满足残障儿童的特殊需要,形成系统的计划和关注全体学生的发展。     

融合环境中的同伴支持:一个未被利用的资源

在融合教育日益成为一种发展趋势的今天,如何让更多的残障学生在普教课堂中得到多种多样的支持与帮助,是我们必须面对和解决的问题。在融合环境中,全班配对同伴指导、同伴辅助式学习策略、跨年龄指导计划、高年级同伴指导、同伴指导课程和合作课堂等,被证明是较为有效的同伴支持策略和方法。通过融合环境中的同伴支持,建立一个所有人都能得到重视与尊重的社会,才能真正实现教育公平。同时,残障学生与健全学生都可在合作与支持的融合过程中,寻得彼此的受益点。     

Enhancing the contribution of visual methods to inclusive education

This paper examines the use of visual methods in studies of inclusive education. Visual methods have been applied to/with pupils with special educational needs (SEN) in the past but the application has tended to be outside rather than inside schools. We argue that understanding contextual reflexivity is important if visual methods are to be successfully adapted to meet the needs of inclusive research. A case study is used to provide an insight into the strengths, weaknesses and difficulties of mixed method visual research. The final section of the paper explores potential applications, strategies and techniques for including visual methods in inclusivity research.     

小学学习困难儿童同伴关系的调查研究

本研究在总结原有研究的基础上对从两所不同小学的三至六年级 646名儿童中鉴别出的 5 7名学习困难儿童的同伴关系进行了比较研究 ,结果发现 :学习困难儿童比非学习困难儿童更多的受到同伴的拒绝 ,而非学习困难儿童比学习困难儿童更多的受同伴接受 ;男性学习困难儿童比女性学习困难儿童更多的受同伴拒绝 ;学习困难儿童的同伴关系在年级维度上不存在明显差异。