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1.
Catherine De Rijdt Janine van der Rijt Filip Dochy Cees van der Vleuten 《Instructional Science》2012,40(2):397-411
We compared effects of tutoring by students and by staff. In four courses in each of two consecutive first years of an undergraduate
problem-based law curriculum we examined the achievements and perceptions of tutors of students taught by student and staff
tutors. Achievements were measured by the results on the regular end-of-course tests. After the end-of-course tests students’
perceptions were obtained by an online questionnaire and by a semi-structured focus group interview. The aim of the focus
groups was to gain more in-depth insight into students’ perceptions. No significant differences in achievement and perceptions
of tutors were found. Students’ perceptions of both staff and student tutors were generally positive. The results suggest
that students that are carefully selected and well trained can be effective as tutors in the first year of an undergraduate
problem-based curriculum. 相似文献
2.
Previous research on peer tutoring has found that students sometimes benefit academically from tutoring other students. In
this study we combined quantitative and qualitative analyses to explore how untrained peer tutors learned via explaining and
responding to tutee questions in a non-reciprocal tutoring setting. In support of our hypotheses, we found that tutors learned
most effectively when their instructional activities incorporated reflective knowledge-building in which they monitored their own understanding, generated inferences to repair misunderstandings, and elaborated upon the
source materials. However, tutors seemed to adopt a knowledge-telling bias in which they primarily summarized the source materials with little elaboration. Tutors’ reflective knowledge-building activities,
when they occurred, were more frequently elicited by interactions with their tutee. In particular, when tutees asked questions
that contained an inference or required an inferential answer, tutors’ responses were more likely to be elaborative and metacognitive.
Directions for future research are also discussed. 相似文献
3.
From a theoretical viewpoint, educational interfaces that facilitate communicative actions involving representations central
to a domain can maximize students’ effort associated with constructing new schemas. In addition, interfaces that minimize
working memory demands due to the interface per se, for example by mimicking existing non-digital work practice, can preserve
students’ attentional focus on their learning task. In this research, we asked the question: What type of interface input capabilities provide best support for science problem solving in both low- and high-performing students? High school students’ ability to solve a diverse range of biology problems was compared over longitudinal sessions while
they used: (1) hardcopy paper and pencil (2) a digital paper and pen interface (3) pen tablet interface, and (4) graphical
tablet interface. Post-test evaluations revealed that time to solve problems, meta-cognitive control, solution correctness,
and memory all were significantly enhanced when using the digital pen and paper interface, compared with tablet interfaces.
The tangible pen and paper interface also was the only alternative that significantly facilitated skill acquisition in low-performing
students. Paradoxically, all students nonetheless believed that the tablet interfaces provided best support for their performance,
revealing a lack of self-awareness about how to use computational tools to best advantage. Implications are discussed for
how pen interfaces can be optimized for future educational purposes, and for establishing technology fluency curricula to
improve students’ awareness of the impact of digital tools on their performance. 相似文献
4.
Mervyn Lebor 《Journal of Further & Higher Education》2016,40(4):568-583
The context of this article was that, after researching issues of classroom management for a number of years, I was asked by managers at different institutions to speak to their staff about strategies for helping to counteract the problems tutors faced in many classes on a day-to-day basis. The question that emerged was how might managers in the lifelong learning sector support tutors in dealing with these stressful situations. The methodology of this inquiry was to offer qualitative practitioner research which would suggest some recommendations to improve practice on how managers might support teachers in these circumstances. The research methods would aim to determine managers’ perspectives, using a survey to identify a sample of their views. This would lead to two focus groups with managers, opening up a more exploratory discussion, followed by an in-depth interview with an experienced, particularly supportive manager, working with challenging classes. The purpose of this interview was to review a range of strategies that might be used to help managers support staff and students create more effective learning environments. The next stage was to subject managers’ suggestions to the views of teachers. The findings from this research showed there were widespread problems in many classes where this research took place. Managers offered a range of localised and wider strategies for supporting teachers in these challenging situations. Offering whole institution approaches, training on interventions and opening spaces for tutors and managers to explore these issues in a blame-free environment were some of the recommendations. The tutors surveyed welcomed these suggestions. 相似文献
5.
Beno?t Dompnier Pascal Pansu Pascal Bressoux 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2007,22(3):333-350
The aim of this article is to gain further insight into the determinants of scholastic judgments. On the basis of a previous
study (Dompnier, Pansu, & Bressoux, 2006), we propose a model of the processes underlying teachers’ judgments. In addition
to taking into account some of these determinants, the proposed model grants to pupils’ social utility, as perceived by their
teacher, the status of central mediator between scholastic judgments and their determinants (pupils’ actual academic achievement,
pupils’ scholastic history, classroom context, and internality perceived by teachers). The initial model was tested on a first
sample of 250 pupils (3rd grade) and their teachers, and then improved. Next, the modified model was validated on a second
sample of 249 pupils (3rd grade) and their teachers. The results obtained on this sample indicated that the modified model
fit the data to a satisfactory extent, and that it is more parsimonious that alternative nonhierachical models. 相似文献
6.
Gultekin Cakmakci Hatice Sevindik Meryem Pektas Asli Uysal Fatma Kole Gamze Kavak 《Research in Science Education》2012,42(3):469-489
This paper reports on an attempt to investigate Turkish primary school students’ interest in science by using their self-generated
questions. We investigated students’ interest in science by analyzing 1704 self-generated science-related questions. Among
them, 826 questions were submitted to a popular science magazine called Science and Children. Such a self-selected sample
may represent a group of students who have a higher level of motivation to seek sources of information outside their formal
education and have more access to resources than the students of low social classes. To overcome this problem, 739 students
were asked to write a question that they wanted to learn from a scientist and as a result 878 questions were gathered. Those
students were selected from 13 different schools at 9 cities in Turkey. These schools were selected to represent a mixture
of socioeconomic areas and also to cover different students’ profile. Students’ questions were classified into two main categories:
the field of interest and the cognitive level of the question. The results point to the popularity of biology, astrophysics,
nature of scientific inquiry, technology and physics over other science areas, as well as indicating a difference in interest
according to gender, grade level and the setting in which the questions were asked. However, our study suggests that only
considering questions submitted to informal learning environments, such as popular science magazines or Ask-A-Scientist Internet
sites has limitations and deficiencies. Other methodologies of data collection also need to be considered in designing teaching
and school science curriculum to meet students’ needs and interest. The findings from our study tend to challenge existing
thinking from other studies. Our results show that self-generated questions asked in an informal and a formal setting have
different patterns. Some aspects of students’ self-generated questions and their implications for policy, science curriculum
reform and teaching are discussed in this paper. 相似文献
7.
Remedios Z. Miciano 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2006,7(1):76-84
To pilot a peer literacy program, a pretest-posttest study was conducted involving seventy (70) students from Arellano High
School as tutees and 12 De La Salle University-Manila College of Education students as reading tutors. Though the results
suggest the lack of impact of the Program on the Reading Grades of the tutees, the tutors’ journals reveal that the tutors
benefited more from the program. The problems in using the National Service Training Program or NSTP as the vehicle in piloting
the program were identified and based on this, the study suggests ways to improve the content and delivery of future NSTP
Peer Literacy Programs. 相似文献
8.
This article is a systematic reflection on a sequence of episodes related to teaching probability. Our central claim is that
reducing problems to a consideration of the sample space, which consists of equiprobable outcomes, may not be in accord with
learners’ initial ways of reasoning. We suggest a “desirable pedagogical approach” in which the solution builds on the set
of outcomes as identified by learners and serves as a bridge towards mathematical convention. To explore prospective high
school mathematics teachers’ ideas related to addressing a potential learner’s mistake and their reactions towards the suggested
approach, we presented them with two tasks. In Task I, participants (n = 30) were asked to suggest a pedagogical remedy to a frequent mistake found in dealing with a standard probability problem,
whereas in Task II, they were asked to solve a probabilistic problem, which they had not encountered previously. We discuss
participants’ mathematical solutions to Task II in reference to their pedagogical approaches to Task I. The presented disparity
serves in extending the convincing power of the suggested pedagogical approach. 相似文献
9.
James P. Lassegard 《高等教育研究与发展》2008,27(4):357-369
International students often require extracurricular assistance upon arrival in the host country. Many universities operate programs pairing international and domestic students for academic and adjustment assistance. The tutor system operating at Japanese national universities has similar objectives. Although the literature has highlighted several problems with the system, it is viewed as a viable form of educational assistance. This study examined the data from 38 interviews with tutors, international student tutees, and administrators, qualitatively analysing the perspectives of these stakeholders to uncover the main factors determining program effectiveness. Data analysis revealed several main themes relating to tutoring effectiveness, and differences were found in how tutors and tutees perceived their participation in the system. Although tutees tended to focus on the interpersonal relationship, tutors were more concerned about their tutoring ability. Implications of the findings are discussed for enhancing peer‐pairing programs to better accommodate the needs of students. 相似文献
10.
Ron J. C. M. Salden Vincent Aleven Rolf Schwonke Alexander Renkl 《Instructional Science》2010,38(3):289-307
Prior research has shown that tutored problem solving with intelligent software tutors is an effective instructional method,
and that worked examples are an effective complement to this kind of tutored problem solving. The work on the expertise reversal
effect suggests that it is desirable to tailor the fading of worked examples to individual students’ growing expertise levels.
One lab and one classroom experiment were conducted to investigate whether adaptively fading worked examples in a tutored
problem-solving environment can lead to higher learning gains. Both studies compared a standard Cognitive Tutor with two example-enhanced
versions, in which the fading of worked examples occurred either in a fixed manner or in a manner adaptive to individual students’
understanding of the examples. Both experiments provide evidence of improved learning results from adaptive fading over fixed
fading over problem solving. We discuss how to further optimize the fading procedure matching each individual student’s changing
knowledge level. 相似文献
11.
Dominic Voyer 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(5):1073-1092
Many factors influence a student’s performance in word (or textbook) problem solving in class. Among them is the comprehension
process the pupils construct during their attempt to solve the problem. The comprehension process may include some less formal
representations, based on pupils’ real-world knowledge, which support the construction of a ‘situation model’. In this study,
we examine some factors related to the pupil or to the word problem itself, which may influence the comprehension process,
and we assess the effects of the situation model on pupils’ problem solving performance. The sample is composed of 750 pupils
of grade 6 elementary school. They were selected from 35 classes in 17 Francophone schools located in the province of Quebec,
Canada. For this study, 3 arithmetic problems were developed. Each problem was written in 4 different versions, to allow the
manipulation of the type of information included in the problem statement. Each pupil was asked to solve 3 problems of the
same version and to complete a task that allowed us to evaluate the construction of a situation model. Our results show that
pupils with weaker arithmetic skills construct different representations, based on the information presented in the problem.
Also, pupils who give greater importance to situational information in a problem have greater success in solving the problem.
The situation model influences pupils’ problem solving performance, but this influence depends on the type of information
included in the problem statement, as well as on the arithmetic skills of each individual pupil. 相似文献
12.
Culturally responsive science teaching is using knowledge about the culture and life experiences of students to structure
learning that is conducive to their needs. Understanding what teachers need to prepare them to be culturally responsive is
a matter of continuous debate. As the focus of multicultural education ventures farther away from its roots, advocating the
civil rights of historically oppressed groups, concerns about the gravity of racial inequity on schooling continues. How will
this shift in focus influence teachers’ capacity to accommodate students’ needs resulting from racial inequities in this society,
particularly African American students? What knowledge is essential to their effectiveness? This qualitative study examined
the instructional practices of two effective middle school science teachers deemed culturally responsive by their administrator
on the basis of classroom observations, students’ responses and standardized assessment results. Both teachers’ classrooms
consisted primarily of African American students. Grounded theory was used to analyze the teachers’ beliefs and practices
in order to identify existing commonalties. Critical race theory was used to identify whether there was any influence of the
students’ racial identities on the teachers’ beliefs and practices. The analysis reveals that the teachers’ beliefs and practices
were informed by their critical awareness of social constraints imposed upon their African American students’ identities.
These findings communicate the significance of sociocultural awareness to informing the teachers’ instruction, as well as
their strategies for managing the varying dynamics occurring in their classrooms. It can be deduced from the findings that
an understanding of racial inequities is crucial to the development of sociocultural awareness, and is the foundation for
the culturally responsive dispositions and practices of these middle school science teachers. 相似文献
13.
Virginia L. J. Bolshakova Carla C. Johnson Charlene M. Czerniak 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2011,6(4):961-997
In the United States today, urban schools serve the majority of high-poverty and high minority populations including large
numbers of Hispanic students. While many Hispanic students perform below grade level in middle school science, the science
teaching community as a whole is lacking elements of diversity as teachers struggle to meet the needs of all learners. Researchers
have recognized that science teacher effectiveness, one consequence of self-efficacy among teachers, is associated with future
science achievement and science-related careers of their students. This qualitative study explores how three science teachers’
effectiveness in the classroom impacts students’ science self-efficacy beliefs at one urban middle school. Hispanic students
were the focus of this investigation due to demographics and history of underperformance within this district. Teachers’ perspectives,
as well as outside observer evaluations of instructional strategies and classroom climates were triangulated to explore dynamics
that influence students’ interests and motivation to learn science using a framework to link teachers’ sense of efficacy (focusing
on student outcomes). Findings suggest the impact teacher effectiveness can have on student outcomes, including strengthened
student science self-efficacy and increased science achievement. Building awareness and support in teachers’ sense of efficacy,
as well as developing respectful and supportive relationships between educator/facilitator and pupil during the transition
to middle school may construct permanence and accomplishment for all in science. 相似文献
14.
Leman Tarhan Hulya Ayar-Kayali Raziye Ozturk Urek Burcin Acar 《Research in Science Education》2008,38(3):285-300
This research study aims to examine the effectiveness of a problem-based learning (PBL) on 9th grade students’ understanding
of intermolecular forces (dipole–dipole forces, London dispersion forces and hydrogen bonding). The student’s alternate conceptions
about intermolecular bonding and their beliefs about PBL were also measured. Seventy-eight 9th grade students were stratified
by cognitive levels and then randomly assigned to experimental (PBL, 40 students) and control (lecture-style teaching, 38
students) groups. Following a preparatory lesson where activation and remediation of existing knowledge occur, a pre-test
was given, and no significant difference was found between the two groups of students (p > .05). After the instruction was completed, a post-test and also a questionnaire related to the quality of the problem,
the teacher’s role and group functioning were administered. Results from the post-test of both groups (p < .05) and questionnaire showed that PBL is affective on students’ achievement, remedying formation of alternate conceptions
and also social skills. 相似文献
15.
Limin Chen Wim Van Dooren Qi Chen Lieven Verschaffel 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2011,9(4):919-948
In the present study, which is a part of a research project about realistic word problem solving and problem posing in Chinese
elementary schools, a problem solving and a problem posing test were administered to 128 pre-service and in-service elementary
school teachers from Tianjin City in China, wherein the teachers were asked to solve 3 contextually challenging division-with-remainder
(DWR) word problems and pose word problems according to 3 symbolic expressions. Afterwards, they were also given 2 questionnaires
wherein they had to evaluate 3 different pupil reactions to, respectively, 1 problem solving item and 1 problem posing item
about DWR. First, our results revealed that teachers behaved quite ‘realistically’ not only when solving and posing DWR problems
themselves but also when evaluating elementary school pupils’ DWR problem solving and problem posing performance. Second,
we found a correspondence between teachers’ own performance on the tests and their evaluations of pupils’ reactions. Third,
the present study provides some further insight into the role of one of the instructional factors that is generally considered
responsible for the strong and worldwide tendency among elementary school children to neglect real-world knowledge and realistic
considerations in their endeavours to solve and pose mathematical word problems, namely the teachers’ conceptions and beliefs
about this topic. 相似文献
16.
Jane M. Watson Ben A. Kelly 《International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education》2008,6(4):741-767
This paper considers the development of school students’ ability to define three terms that are fundamental to statistical
literacy: sample, random, and variation. A total of 738 students in grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 were asked in a survey to define
and give an example for the word “sample.” Of these, 379 students in grades 7 and 9 were also asked about the words “random”
and “variation.” Responses were used to describe developmental levels overall and to document differences across grades on
the understanding of these terms. Changes in performance were also monitored after lessons on chance and data, emphasizing
variation for 335 students. After 2 years, 132 of these students and a further 209 students who were surveyed originally but
did not take part in specialized lessons, were surveyed again. The difference after 2 years between the performance of students
who experienced the specialized lessons and those who did not was considered, revealing no differences in performance longitudinally.
For students in grades 7 and 9, the association of performance on the three terms was explored. Implications for mathematics
and literacy educators are discussed. 相似文献
17.
18.
Although prior research has shown that experts tend to overestimate or underestimate what laypersons actually know, little
is known about the specific consequences of biased estimations for communication. To investigate the impact of biased estimations
of a layperson’s knowledge on the effectiveness of experts’ explanations, we conducted a web-based dialog experiment with
45 pairs of experts and laypersons. We manipulated the experts’ mental model of the layperson by presenting them either valid
information about the layperson’s knowledge or information that was biased towards overestimation or underestimation. Results
showed that the experts adopted the biased estimations and adapted their explanations accordingly. Consequently, the laypersons’
learning from the experts’ explanations was impaired when the experts overestimated or underestimated the layperson’s knowledge.
In addition, laypersons whose knowledge was overestimated more often generated questions that reflected comprehension problems.
Laypersons whose knowledge was underestimated asked mainly for additional information previously not addressed in the explanations.
The results suggest that underestimating a learner during the instructional dialog is as detrimental to learning as is the
overestimation of a learner’s knowledge. Thus, the provision of effective explanations presupposes an accurate mental model
of the learner’s knowledge prerequisites. 相似文献
19.
20.
High school textbooks in turkey from teachers’ and students’ perspectives: The case of history textbooks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ali Yildirim 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2006,7(2):218-228
This study investigates how teachers and students assess the textbooks they use in history courses at the high school level
in Turkey. Through a survey questionnaire, teachers and students were asked their perceptions of the textbooks. Then a sub-sample
of the teachers and students were interviewed to collect more in-depth data on their assessment of the textbooks. The results
indicated that the textbooks assist the teacher in instructional planning and in preparing exams, and help the students deal
with the content. However, both teachers and students point to problems in textbooks in terms of their physical aspects, content
presentation and organization, language, teaching and learning aids, and their impact on students. The textbooks focus mostly
on transmission of knowledge, and they are found ineffective in leading students to read the information with interest and
develop an understanding of the content area. They are found ineffective in developing students’ thinking skills and positive
attitudes toward the subject. 相似文献