Mathematical Analysis of Energy Efficiency in IEEE 802.11 DCF

The standardized IEEE ,802. II distributed coordination function （ DCF） provides a contention-based distributed channel access mechanism for mobile stations to share the wireless medium. However, when stations are mobile or portable units, power consumption becomes a primary issue since terminals are usually battery driven. This paper proposes an analytical model that calculates the energy efficiency of both the basic and the RTS/CTS access mechanisms of the IEEE 802. II protocol. The model is validated with simulation results using NS-2 simulation package. The effects of the network size, the average packet length, the initial contention window and maximum backoff stages on the energy efficiency of both access mechanisms are also investigated. Results show that the basic scheme has low energy efficiency at large packet length and large network size, and depends strongly on the number of stations and the backoff procedure parameters. Conversely, the RTS/CTS mechanism provides higher energy efficiency when the network size is large, and is more robust to variations in the backoff procedure parameters.     

Adaptive fractional window increment of TCP in multihop ad hoc networks

We propose an adaptive fractional window increasing algorithm （AFW） to improve the performance of the fractional window increment （FEW） in （Nahm et al., 2005）. AFW fully utilizes the bandwidth when the network is idle, and limits the operating window when the network is congested. We evaluate AFW and compare the total throughput of AFW with that of FeW in different scenarios over chain, grid, random topologies and with hybrid traffics. Extensive simulation through ns2 shows that AFW obtains 5% higher throughput than FeW, whose throughput is significantly higher than that of TCP-Newreno, with limited modi- fications.     

IEEE 802.11分布式协调功能在MANET网络中的性能改善

研究了移动Ad Hoc网络中的媒体接入控制问题. 首先, 基于IEEE 802. 11媒体接入控制协议, 提出了应用于MANET网络媒体接入控制的2个机制: 自适应回退窗转发优先机制(FPF)和多跳链邀请发送机制(MFCTI). FPF机制根据业务优先级自适应调整竞争窗大小, 而MFCTI机制则充分利用了网络层路由信息和无线传播的广播特性. 在此基础上对所提出的机制进行了仿真研究并与原IEEE 802. 11媒体接入控制进行了比较. 结果表明, 所提机制可以有效地提高网络吞吐率, 降低端对端迟延, 缓解网络局部拥塞, 从而提高了MANET网络的性能. 其另一优点是只需对IEEE 802. 11媒体接入控制作少量的补充和改动.     

P2P网络中的加速传输服务

介绍了加速传输服务系统的设计.借助TCP协议和P2P网络的底层路由机制,系统能够选择高性能的对等节点,协调各个节点的传输状态,在网络和节点性能发生变化时进行动态调整传输速率,从而以较低的开销动态适应网络性能的变化.通过仿真对系统性能进行了评价,并对网络流和带宽利用率、网络吞吐量之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:在加速传输系统中,接收方之间的相互谐调和多个邻居节点间的相互协作,使得数据传输速度得以加快,系统总体性能得以提高.     

A novel MAC mechanism to resolve 802.11 performance anomaly

In the 802.11b networks, the guarantee of an equal long-run channel access probability causes performance anomaly in a multi-rate wireless cell. Much interest has been involved in this issue and many effective mechanisms have been proposed. The usual MAC layer solutions include the initial contention window adaptation, the maximum transfer unit size adaptation and the packet bursting. In this paper, we propose a novel approach which introduces a new parameter called the transmission prob- ability pt to the legacy protocol. By adjusting pt according to the transmission rate, the proposed scheme can solve the performance anomaly problem cleanly. Throughput analysis and performance evaluation show that our scheme achieves significant im- provement in the aggregate throughput and the fairness.     

Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11e EDCA in wireless LANs

INTRODUCTION IEEE 802.11e is designed to support multimedia applications. The main and mandatory scheme of IEEE 802.11e standard is enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA), which adopts service dif-ferentiation in configuration. The performance analysis of EDCA has been extensively studied by analytical or numerical means in recent years (Kong et al., 2004; Xiao, 2005; Zhu and Chlamtac, 2005; Hui and Devetsikiotis, 2005; Zhang et al., 2006). With the help of these works, perf…     

TCP拥塞控制算法的NS模拟实验

为了更好地利用网络资源和解决网络拥塞,TCP拥塞控制算法至关重要。采用网络模拟工具NS模拟的方法,做了TCP拥塞控制的Tahoe、Reno和Vegas 3种算法的模拟实验,得到了3种算法的拥塞窗口、丢包率和吞吐量性能对比图,分析了3种算法的优缺点和适用性。     

一种降低丢包率的主动队列管理改进算法

在网络拥塞控制（AQM）策略中,RED算法控制参数的设置和网络变化很敏感。这种敏感性严重影响了RED算法在实际中的应用,新策略HERED在RED中使用风险率评估的包丢弃方法。该方法能够根据负载情况动态调整弃包策略,即在轻负载时减缓弃包,在重负载情况下加速弃包。通过基于linux平台使用NS～2网络仿真工具证明了,在各种RED策略中,HERED能够实现更稳定的吞吐率,且由于弃包率最低而具有更好的性能。     

一种适用于异构网络的TCP New Vegas算法

TCP Vegas是运输层的一种可靠算法,但是在无线网络中不能最高效率的占用网路带宽,使得数据传输受到限制,不适合在无线网络中传输。对TCP Vegas算法进行改进,提出了一种适用于异构网络的TCP New Vegas算法。该算法将diff控制在两个动态门限值a,b之间,根据a,b两个动态门限值的设定,可有效的提高算法的拥塞窗口及吞吐量。以无线传感器网络接入第三代移动通信网络为仿真背景,对该算法进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,改进后的TCP New Vegas算法具有较大的拥塞窗口和较高的吞吐量,更适合应用于异构网络中数据的传输。     

IEEE802.16中一种基于初始退避窗的冲突解决方案

IEEE802.16在上行链路采用时分多址接入方式,并引入了按需分配多址接入方式用于资源竞争与预留,这使得各用户站(SS)之间存在冲突,导致系统性能下降。本文根据I EEE802.16协议推荐采用的冲突解决算法,利用二维马尔可夫链描述二进制退避算法,分析了吞吐量与延时,并通过归一化处理,定义了代价函数。通过仿真,获得了系统性能达到最优时,最佳初始退避窗口值与用户数的关系。     

Using multi-class queuing network to solve performance models of e-business sites

Due to e-business's variety of customers with different navigational patterns and demands, multi-class queuing network is a natural performance model for it. The open multi-class queuing network(QN) models are based on the assumption that no service center is saturated as a result of the combined loads of all the classes. Several formulas are used to calculate performance measures, including throughput, residence time, queue length, response time and the average number of requests. The solution technique of closed multi-class QN models is an approximate mean value analysis algorithm (MVA) based on three key equations, because the exact algorithm needs huge time and space requirement. As mixed multi-class QN models, include some open and some closed classes, the open classes should be eliminated to create a closed multi-class QN so that the closed model algorithm can be applied. Some corresponding examples are given to show how to apply the algorithms mentioned in this article. These examples indicate that multi-class QN is a reasonably accurate model of e-business and can be solved efficiently.     

基于YOLOv2模型的道路目标检测改进算法

针对传统道路目标检测算法推荐窗口冗余、鲁棒性差、复杂度较高的问题,提出基于YOLOv2模型的道路目标检测改进算法。相较于传统的HOG+SVM目标检测算法,YOLO模型优势在于提升了检测速度及准确度,更适用于实时目标检测。比较YOLO V3 与 YOLO V2算法,前者在构造神经网络模型时复杂度较高,故最终选择YOLO V2算法。针对原算法中选取Anchor Boxes时所采用的K-MEANS算法造成的目标物体框冗余问题,以及原算法对于不规则物体以及遮挡物体检测效果较差等问题,提出基于YOLO V2模型的一种改进方法,将K-MEANS算法改进为一种DA-DBSCAN算法,通过动态调整参数的方式大大减少了锚点框冗余问题。实验表明,改进后的模型准确率达到96.76%,召回率达到96.73%,检测帧数达到37帧/s,能够满足实时性要求。     

Cellular/WLAN融合网络中基于优先级的动态负载传递算法

针对蜂窝网和无线局域网(WLAN)的融合网络,提出一种基于优先级的动态负载传递(PDLT)算法.呼叫接入控制的动态垂直切换由整个网络状态和业务特性以及终端位置信息联合触发.当蜂窝网络或WLAN中无可用带宽资源时,该算法能够将重叠覆盖区域中新的语音或者数据呼叫传递到尚有带宽资源的网络;同时,动态计算网络带宽资源占用情况,...     

重构印刷电路板的装配过程:一个案例研究

研究计算机用印刷电路板装配过程的重构 .新设计的装配过程通过建立并行和线外工作站、合并某些工作站及组织联合操作的团队 ,显著地改善了企业绩效 .在 8h的模拟周期内对新的装配过程进行了实验 .结果表明 ,在增加少量资源的情况下 ,新的装配过程使产量增加 80 % .一个小团队在某些工作站联合操作 ,产量可进一步增加 17.5 % .     

面向虚拟仿真环境的BH RTI性能测试研究

BH RTI是北京航空航天大学自主研发的分布交互仿真运行平台,该平台支持HLA 1.3和IEEE1516标准,是支持分布式交互仿真应用程序开发和应用程序高效运行的软件系统平台。在基于RTI的分布式仿真应用程序开发中,时间同步、网络延迟、吞吐量是RTI性能测试的主要指标,对BH RTI上述三个性能指标的测试方法进行了研究,设计了测试方案,通过编写相应的测试应用程序对BH RTI的时间同步、网络延迟、吞吐量等性能进行了测试。     

复杂混合网络中拥塞控制算法仿真实验设计

拥塞控制是计算机网络课程中的一个重点和难点。文章通过引入NS3网络仿真工具,对构建复杂混合网络实验环境的方法和步骤进行了论述,并在4∶4哑铃网络拓扑结构的基础上,实现了多个网络实验场景;以拥塞窗口大小为依据,对常见的多种拥塞控制算法进行了理论验证性实验;以吞吐量为依据,对同类拥塞控制算法之间的公平性和异类拥塞控制算法之间的友好性进行了对比实验。实验结果与理论分析相符,并对拥塞控制的算法思路和控制过程进行了形象直观的展示。     

基于OPNET的无线信道接人协议仿真

基于对CSMA/CA和ALOHA协议的研究,利用OPNET软件自带的支持CSMA/CA协议的节点模型构建网络模型。结合仿真结果,利用Mathematica软件,绘制了CSMA/CA协议吞吐量特性图,并与ALOHA的吞吐量特性图进行比较,证明了在任意业务总负载的情况下,CSMA/CA协议都表现出比ALOHA协议更加优越的性能。证实了在保证吞吐量性能的前提下,通过网络参数的配置,使网络的性能达到最优化的可行性,并且揭示了网络参数的关联性,指出了网络最优化参数的唯一性。     

Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 DCF networks

This paper presents an analytical saturation throughput model of IEEE 802.11DCF （distributed coordination function） with basic access in ad hoc mode. The model takes into account freezing of the backofftimer when a station senses busy channel. It is shown that taking into account this feature of DCF is important in modeling saturation throughput by yielding more accurate and realistic results than models known from literature. The proposed analytical model also takes into account the effect of transmission errors. All essential features of the proposed analytical approach are illustrated with numerical results. The presen- tation of the model is proceeded by an overview of approaches to IEEE 802.11 network performance evaluation presented in the literature.     

自适应频率和动态节点嵌入的图卷积网络

图卷积网络由于能够直接处理图结构数据的优点而受到广泛研究。当前的多数图卷积网络是基于图信号的平滑性(低频信息),且不能根据各节点适合的接受域生成对应的节点嵌入,随着网络层数的增加,易出现图卷积网络特有的过平滑问题而导致性能下降。为此,提出了基于自适应频率和动态节点嵌入的图卷积网络模型(adaptive frequency and dynamic node embedding based graph convolutional network, FDGCN)。FDGCN模型能够自适应聚合不同频率的信息,同时利用每层网络的输出,平衡每个节点来自全局和局部领域的信息,动态地调节节点嵌入。通过在4个公共数据集上进行实验,对比了6个现有模型,证明了FDGCN模型的有效性。     

一种基于TCP网络流量的多协议快速仿真方法

提出了一种新的网络仿真方法———基于TCP网络流量的多协议快速仿真方法。可以根据不同网络的差异模拟网络环境,来测试该网络的拓扑及频宽,以及测试网络协议的性能。提出了一些对TCP流量控制的算法,由实验证明可有效避免网络拥塞,并在仿真中加入新的功能,比较各种不同起始窗口大小对TCP效能的影响,发现在数据包丢失较少时,增大起始窗口大小对效能有正面的影响。