句法规范简论

句法规范需要通过整理已被广泛使用或新出现的句法结构,判断其发展理据、使用效果及对以后句法结构发展的影响,让人们在使用汉语时有句法结构的明确标准,并使汉语的使用和演变发展符合句法结构的演变发展规律。因而需要对句法结构的使用进行正常规定（描写）;研究句法规范的成与误,总结其经验教训,并对句法结构的发展进行解释,对误例进行反面分析;研究句法在当代的演变发展情况,对其作出评价与抉择。由此出发可知,句法规范是一门有着自己独特学术价值的学科门类,注重语言发展的可能性与演变发展的度以及适用范围的研究,提供语言正确使用的依据,引导人们使用合理的、有传承价值的语言形式,发现语言演变发展的规律,为以后的规范工作研制出更为扎实的理论基础。     

语言变异与规范

语言演变不同阶段的变异规范度不同.新词语不一定就是变异.新形式可能战胜旧形式;新旧形式可能长期共存.语言演变中可能会停滞或中断.动宾式动词带宾语2000年的演变中曾有停滞,近年勃兴,演变中存在词汇扩散现象.这是语序自组织调整.确定语音规范要在调查基础上进行.有的变异由违反规范的"失误"传播造成.     

被动句类型标记的语言共性研究

一、引言 和语言的蕴涵共性一样,类型标记性是当代类型学的一个基本概念,类型标记是类型研究的一种重要工具,它可以帮助把不同语言的形式或结构上的特征直接联系起来[1].类型标记性表明语言结构的某些特征非常基础和普遍,为跨语言对比提供充分的事实依据.这些形式特征可以反映一些重要的跨语言模式.类型标记性也可以解释音系、形态和句法上的不规则现象[2].以往的研究中,戴庆厦、李洁[3]归纳了汉藏语言被动句被动形式和意义的情况.黄行、唐黎明[4]的研究主要涉及了我国不同系属或不同类型语言被动语态的形式标记特征的分布情况.在这些学者的研究基础上,本文将从语言类型学的角度来分析跨语言被动句的类型标记性特征——有标记/无标记和被动句标记性的语言蕴涵共性,通过跨语言被动句类型标记的语言共性的分析以揭示各语言句式现象特别是被动句系统性的变异规律.     

英语作格结构句法与语义考察

作格结构是一个句法和语义之间关系特殊的构式,属于英语语法模型描写的一个范畴。通过对英语作格结构语言特征简单地概述,基于其所表现的特殊语言现象,以句法和语义这两个层面为切入点,对相关具有代表性的语料进行了详细分析。解释了作格结构派生句式生成机制和动词非使役化后句式的非宾格性,并揭示了作格结构句法形式与语义表征之间存在的不一致关系。     

从句法变项的确立标准谈狭义与广义的语言变异——兼与蔡冰先生商榷

语言变异分狭义的和广义的两种。前者是同宗的变异,后者是非同宗的。所谓同宗,是指各不同变式之间存在一个共同的底层结构。同宗与非同宗的关系也反映到句法变异中。Labov的“结构一语义”标准的精髓就是“同宗”。值得社会语言学学者研究的主要是同宗的语言变异。“同宗”的概念在句法变异的研究中尤为重要。蔡冰先生所提议的用于确立句法变项的三个标准都不合适。笔者提议重新启用Labov的“结构一语义”标准。     

语言的层次、理解与翻译

对语言层次的理解 ,有助于了解语言的性质、内在特征及其句法规律 ,帮助人们更准确地理解和掌握语言 ,而语言的理解必然涉及词汇与句子等结构层面 ,也涉及语义方面的词汇歧义、词组歧义和句法歧义。理解是翻译的前提 ,翻译是理解的结果。     

论语义的形态缺省与涵义补偿

语义的内部意义特征及其相互关系以结构的静态形式勾勒了思维的抽象活动规律，并且以词法的符号特征和句法的线性模式制约了语言内部诸种意义的构建，从而决定了语义的缺省性质。但语言的个别使用方式和交际价值的实现则有赖于既定情境与意图等语外因素的作用。语义缺省的所指未定现象经话语层面整合得到语用补偿，形成对于意义的表达与理解机制。     

配位结构理论在汉语教学中的应用

配位结构涉及谓词深层语义结构与表层句法题元之间的关系,从语义入手,由深至浅地解释表层言语表达式的构成。配位结构可分为直接配位结构和间接配位结构,利用配位结构理论,分析谓词语义对表层句法表达的影响,解释汉语中部分句子的特殊同义现象,同时也揭示谓词的间接配位结构对被动句构成的影响。     

从英法语言干扰的角度来看法语教学

对于有一定英语基础的法语学习者来说,常因受到英语的干扰而在学习过程中产生错误。针对这种现象,从语言干扰的理论出发,结合法语教学对象的特点,在语音、词汇和句法层面分析英法语言干扰情况,探讨如何处理这些干扰情况,以期指导法语教学,提高教学质量。     

语言静态多样性的句法解读——以汉语句法为例

静态是语言存在的状态之一,在静态层面上语言表现出多样性。要解读这种多样性的核心是句法层面的多样性。我们通过汉语句法为例发现句法层面的多样性体现出两种层级:一是宏观层级,即不同客体内容有不同句法形式表达或同一客体内容有多重句法形式表达;二是微观层级,即同一句法形式有多重句法变体。语言句法研究的首要任务就是要描写这种句法层面的静态多样性,这是句法动态研究的前提和基础。     

Pilot study of online training modules to improve speech-language pathology students’ explicit syntax knowledge

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) exhibit weaknesses in the syntactic aspects of language that affect their spoken language (i.e., speaking and listening) and written language (i.e., reading and writing). Speech-language pathologists (SLP) who work with children with DLD are the team member with the greatest expertise in syntax. However, emerging data suggest that speech-language pathology (SLP) students and SLPs have limitations in their explicit syntax knowledge that may affect how they assess and treat the language and literacy knowledge and skills of children with DLD. Additionally, there is a lack of data on the outcomes of professional development specific to syntax. This paper reports on the effects of self-paced, online learning modules on SLP graduate students’ explicit syntax knowledge. Thirty-six SLP graduate students completed online syntax learning modules that taught four pairs of syntactic structures. SLP graduate students experienced a treatment effect from two of the four online training modules. Treatment effects seemed to be influenced by the syntactic skill being treated, by prior knowledge of that particular syntactic structure, and by other environmental factors, including training program. Although future studies should explore these factors further, the outcomes of this pilot study are the first to report on a way to improve SLP graduate students’, and potentially SLPs’, explicit syntax knowledge.

     

句法结构的认知视角：框架和注意窗理论

框架理论不同于只注意句法图形和背景的图形／背景理论，而是更多地注意同属一个框架的不同动词的意义问题；又不同于形象／基底理论分别处理认知过程不同层次上的问题，而是描述统一的句型观；也不同于突显理论在每个层次上几乎只关心两个突显实体，在句法层只关心句法图形（主语）和背景（宾语），而是关心更广的范围，包括间接宾语和状语。事件框架分析中的注意窗理论把地点状语视为位移事件框架的路线成分，分析事件框架中某一部分前景化的认知过程，认为在语言表达中，说话人可以用显性表达把路线的某部分前景化，即开启“注意窗”。框架和注意窗理论是认知语言学理论中对语言表层结构较有解释力的理论，能够解释表层句法选择的动因。一些传统上不能很好解释的句法现象在这里可以得到较好的解释。     

英汉同声传译中顺译和重复的结合

英汉同声传译即时性的特点决定了英汉同声传译要使用顺译原则,而单独使用顺译又有局限,这需要有其他技巧来补充。文章着重从英汉语言对比的角度,讨论了顺译和重复结合的必要性。从句法结构方面分析了顺译和重复结合的方法和规律,更好地指导英汉同声传译实践。     

The interaction of syntactic competence and vocabulary during reading by deaf students

This research studied whether deaf students' component reading processes may interact with other in a competitive manner. Vocabulary and syntax, two processes known to directly and adversely affect the comprehension of many deaf readers, were studied to determine if they may influence each other, affecting the contribution that each one makes separately to reading comprehension. Multiple regression analyses were conducted on predictor variables that included measures of vocabulary and syntactic competence, as well as a variable summarizing the interaction of vocabulary and syntax. The criterion variable was a composite of comprehension performance on a cloze procedure and on a more traditional reading test. Results were cross-validated by separate regressions on data samples from three populations of profoundly deaf readers: 100 adolescents from oral school programs, 113 adolescents from total communication programs, and 211 students entering a postsecondary institution that used total communication. In each regression, the Vocabulary × Syntax interaction variable emerged as the most critical of the three predictors. Further analyses of the interaction revealed that among subjects in the highest quartile of syntactic competence, the correlation between vocabulary competence and reading was significantly greater than it was in the lower three syntax quartiles. In contrast, the relationship between syntax and comprehension remained stable across all four quartiles of vocabulary competence. This suggests that unless deaf readers have achieved a reasonable level of syntactic competence it may be difficult for them to capitalize fully on their vocabulary knowledge. The finding that limitations in one reading process can interfere with the application of another is consistent with the theory of Capacity Constrained Comprehension of M. Just and P. Carpenter (1992). Because syntax can exert both a direct and an indirect influence on comprehension, it should be an important focus in instructional programs.     

Exploring the syntactic skills of struggling adult readers

This study investigated the syntactic ability of 82 struggling adult readers who recognize words between the third and fifth grade levels. Analysis of the adults?? performance on the TOLD-I:3 indicated that they were deficient on the syntactic task. Correlations found the struggling adult readers?? oral language skills, written language skills, and reading comprehension skills to be related. A regression analyses indicated that the adults?? syntactic knowledge did not individually predict reading comprehension, however their other oral language skills did. The findings of this study suggest that the adults performed similar to children who are either learning to read or considered poor readers. This study also contributes to the adult literacy field by providing exploratory information on an area (syntax and struggling adult readers) that is lacking.     

功能文体分析在高级英语教学中的应用——以《爱情是个谬误》为例

如何培养学生文学作品的赏析能力一直是高级英语教学中关注的一个问题。本文以《爱情是个谬误》为例,将功能文体分析引入其词汇、句法和语篇的教学。在该课教学过程中,笔者设计问题,引导学生去探索和发现作品在词汇、句法和语篇三个层面的文体特征,并分析这些特征的功能,帮助学生理解作者是如何在词汇选择、句法多样化和语篇的衔接方面达到其写作目的 。     

英语学习者言语产生的句法启动效应

本文采用图片描述实验范式,对中国英语学习者言语产生过程中的句法启动效应进行了研究。结果发现被试的目标句在句法结构上与毫无语义相关的启动句间有很强的一致性。从而说明了在第二语言言语产生过程中也存在句法知识表征问题。Pickering和Branigan提出的网络模型可以很好地描述言语产生中句法加工的过程。尤其是在产生大于一个词汇的短语或句子时,存在词条层关联节点的激活,这与言语产生过程中的句法加工直接相关。     

Measuring Written Syntactic Patterns of Second Language Learners of German

Abstract

The present study was designed to analyze by quantitative methods a corpus of writing produced by four levels of American college students and by one group of professional German writers. Analysis was undertaken to (a) determine whether or not significant quantitative differences in the use of selected syntactic structures exist between the five groups; and (b) test the validity of the Hunt method of measuring syntactic maturity when applied to the writing of second language learners and native Germans. Basically, the Hunt method measures syntactic acquisition by quantifying the rate of occurrence of sentence-embedding transformation in writing samples. The findings indicate that developmental stages in the acquisition of written German syntax did exist in this study and that these stages were most clearly definable between every other level. Hunt's method of measuring syntactic maturity was successfully applied to measuring second language acquisition. In addition, some comparisons were made between this study and other first language acquisition studies and suggestions for further research were given.     

论英汉翻译逆序法处理策略——基于PRETCO—B翻译语料研究

文章从英汉句法角度分析英汉表述语序逆向现象,收集PRETCO—B真题179句英汉段落翻译语料,报告英汉翻译语料中146个句子（占81．56％）194个句法结构,并结合短语结构、长句、“It”形式主语等主要句法结构的类型语料,研究英汉句法结构差异对表述语序的影响,反映英汉句法差异、英汉句法结构与信息重心前后位置的区别,并提出采用逆序法翻译,逆向调整英汉句法叙述顺序,使译文符合汉语句法结构规则与表达习惯等翻译策略。     

Bi-directional dynamics underlie the complexity of talk in teacher–child play-based conversations in classrooms serving at-risk pupils

This study examined the transactional, utterance-by-utterance dependencies in the syntactic complexity of teachers’ and children's talk during small-group conversations in preschool classrooms. The sample included 39 teachers and select children in their classroom, which targeted enrollment to children experiencing documentable risk factors. Patterns of sequential dependencies demonstrated a bi-directional interdependence in teachers’ and children's complex syntactic use, whereby both teachers and children appeared sensitive to each other's use of complex syntactic forms. Teachers’ use of complex syntax increased the likelihood that children's adjacent utterance would contain complex syntax; similarly, children's use of complex or simple syntax increased the likelihood that teachers’ adjacent utterance would mirror their syntactic level. Associations were small to moderately large in strength, but varied across individual classrooms. The findings point to complex, bi-directional relationships underlying the complexity of talk within the classroom language environment.