学力概念的意蕴与发展

学力是基于学校教育之上,又是存在于学校教育之外的一种学习力、生存力与发展力,它是内化在主体素质与实践之中的无形的“力”.学力内容从单一强调知识为主的学业成绩到以生存、发展、创造为核心的综合素养;学力形态从基础学力到发展学力呈现多样化取向;学力主体从学生到教师逐步扩展;学力形成原因由学科教学转向学校生活.     

日本学力观的变革及启示

日本学力观的变迁,经历了战后的新教育学力观、系统主义学力观、人本主义学力观、生存主义学力观。当前的新学力观是日本教育走向成熟的标志,它是承继既往几者的核心理念并交相融合,所形成一种多元概念和内涵丰富的学力观。配合新学力观的教育评价主要采用目标评价为主的学力类别评价,而学力类别的评价通过评价标准的制定与基准的设定予以具体化和明确化。     

近年上海数学高考的导向及复习策略

上海近年高考数学试题基本上做到“以学生发展为本”和“由基础性学力、发展性学力和研究性学力组成的新学力观”作为命题的基本理念，试题在考查基础知识、数学思想方法和创新能力方面大多处理得比较妥当。     

江西省大学生体育学力现状探析

大学生体育学力的培养具有现实的必要性和时代的紧迫性。目前我国对"大学生体育学力"进行专题研究的成果较少.应用文献资料法、问卷调查法,从体育态度、体育知识、体育行为三个体育学力视角入手,对江西省大学生体育学力的基本理论问题与现实培养状况进行系统、深入分析.结果表明:体育学力是以体育知识技能,体能和运动认知,体育形态为基本要素,以体育健身、体育观赏、体育学习四种能力为表现的形式结构。江西省大学生在体育态度方面、体育知识方面有着正确的认识,但是无自觉的有目的的参与体育活动的行为.     

论教学力

学校若想提高竞争力，必须随时研究教学力。教学力包括：教力、教学工具及手段、学力三个要素。提高教学力，首先应抓教师提高，对各类教师都应适当地交给科研任务，并定期检查考核。其次，应抓住学生的学力，除其他方面外，抓好“竟、净、敬、静”这四个字具有重要意义。一、教学力的存在和现状和人类社会有生产力一样，学校有教学力的存在。生产力有三要素，教学力也有三要素。什么是教学力？是指与教学成果（表现为人才）、教学质量（表现为人才能力）直接相关的因素。这三项水平如何，共同决定一个学校培养人才的数量和质量。一个学校若…     

学力观与学力评价:日本的经验与启示

学力观与学力评价密切相关,共同作用于监控教育教学质量,促进学生学力提升、教学改革、学生发展。日本对狭义学力观和广义学力观的对比分析研究为我国学力评价树立广义学力观、拓宽评价内容、采用多样化评价方法等改革举措提供了有益借鉴。     

日本“学力”概念的演进

探讨作为国民核心素养的"学力"的基本构成及其时代脉络,是教育研究中的根本性课题。通过日本"学力"概念与"学力论争"的考察表明,日本的"学力"概念随着时代的进展而不断演进:从战前倾向于"学科学力观",到战后初期一时占据上风的"实践学力观",再到90年代以来的"回归",勾画了一条明显的概念演进的轨迹。但这种"回归"并不是单纯地在传统的二元对立的两极之间的游荡,而是求得两种学力观之间的均衡。     

对学力研究的扫描、反思与重构

学力,即学习者的学习实力,是有关学习者的学习素质的综合性概念,是以学为中心的一个极其重要的教育研究视角。针对中日两国研究者从“教”的角度去探讨学力的“应然”内涵,本文提出从“学”的角度去探讨学力的“实然”状态,建构生态学的学力研究范式．以生态学力教育来丰富终身教育和素质教育的具体内涵。     

自主生成、高效和谐：学力发展与评价的价值追求与教学行动——“初中学生的学力发展与评价”研究结题报告

学力分为广义和狭义两种。对学生而言,学力是学生在教师引导下,通过自主学习、自主建构、自我超越、自我发展而形成的认知、能力、态度、情感等的实际水平和行为表现。它包括基础性学力和发展性学力、创造性学力三个方面,初中阶段的主要任务是通过发展性课堂培养学生的学力,这种课堂表现以“自主自为、合作生成、开放包容、高效和谐”为价值取向,在“自学·议论·引导教学法”的基础上融入“定向和设问”、“探究与反馈”、“点拨与整合”等三个环节。学力评价体系由“形成性评价”、“终结性评价”、“表现性评价”三部分组成,其评价工具、评价主体要多元化,并且更加注重学生的发展过程。     

把握教学要点，有效培养学习力

学生的学习力可以分为显性学力和隐性学力,当下的课堂普遍存在重显性轻隐性的现象,对学生隐性学力的培养远远不够。隐性学力的培养不能忽视,教师应更加关注学生思维方式、探究能力、创新精神、数学意识和数学理性等隐性学力的有效生长,促进学生数学素养的全面提升。     

Student engagement with feedback and attainment: the role of academic self-efficacy

Abstract

Academic self-efficacy, the belief that one can achieve desired academic goals plays an important role in learning. This study aimed to determine the extent to which academic self-efficacy mediates relationships between students’ perceptions of feedback and their academic attainment. An opportunity sample of 232 students (123 female) in their first year of higher education reported their academic self-efficacy and evaluated their assessment experience, including the perceived quantity and quality of feedback and the extent to which this feedback elicited an active response. Positive associations were observed between academic attainment and students’ confidence that they could achieve their desired grades and adopt appropriate study behaviours. A negative association was identified between attainment and confidence to talk about their studies. Attainment was not related to the perceived quantity or quality of feedback, but did bear a significant association with the reported use to which feedback was put. Positive associations were generally identified between academic self-efficacy and perceptions of feedback. Path models revealed that inter-relationships were best represented by a model wherein academic self-efficacy mediated links between students’ perceptions of feedback and academic attainment. The findings highlight the need to incorporate characteristics of the individual into an understanding of student engagement with feedback.     

The under-attainment of ethnic minority students in UK higher education: what we know and what we don’t know

In UK higher education, ethnic differences in academic attainment are ubiquitous and have persisted for many years. They are only partly explained by ethnic differences in entry qualifications. They vary from one institution to another and from one subject area to another. This suggests that they result in part from teaching and assessment practices in different institutions and subjects. We do not really know whether ethnic differences in attainment are reflected in variations in the student experience. We do not know what factors are responsible for the ethnic differences in attainment that remain when differences in entry qualifications have been taken into account. Finally, we do not know what aspects of teaching and assessment practices are responsible for variations in the attainment gap.     

Working memory updating as a predictor of academic attainment

There is growing evidence supporting the importance of executive functions, and specifically working memory updating (WMU), for children’s academic achievement. This study aimed to assess the specific contribution of updating to the prediction of academic performance. Two updating tasks, which included different updating components, were administered to 97 fourth-grade children. The keeping track task involves retrieval and substitution of information, while the numerical updating task also includes a transformation component. Academic attainment was assessed through standardised tests of verbal comprehension, arithmetic operations, mathematical problems and an assessment made by the teacher. The relative contribution to academic attainment, of the updating measures and measures related to intelligence, was compared. Results showed that both updating tasks are predictive measures of academic attainment, although the numerical updating task appeared to be a more consistent predictor of children’s performance. The relationship between updating and academic attainment is discussed, and possible educational implications are considered. The role of the transformation component of WMU is highlighted. This component could make a distinct and independent contribution to performance and, by extension, could be particularly relevant to the prediction of academic achievement.     

Does academic self-concept drive academic achievement?

Gaps in GCSE attainment have long been the concern of policy makers, academics, and social commentators, largely due to the importance of these exams for setting children on their future academic and career pathways. In the past a wide range of factors relating to the pupils, their families, and their schools have been found to account for differences in GCSE attainment. In this paper we examine the role of pupils’ beliefs in their own academic ability (academic self-concept). Using Next Steps data, we examine whether pupils with higher academic self-concept do better or worse in their GCSEs than pupils with lower academic self-concept. Results show that on average, controlling for other characteristics, having high academic self-concept increases GCSE scores by four grades. When we compare academic self-concept to measured achievement we find that both high and low attainers have higher probabilities of achieving five A*–C GCSEs and higher GCSE point scores on average if they have high academic self-concept than similarly able students who have lower academic self-concept.     

终身教职标准、学术修养与学术生产能力——基于Stackelberg微分对策模型

针对高等教育领域中一些科研人员在获得终身教职之后为何依然富有科研产出效率这一问题,在跨期优化框架下,提出作为主动者的院系可以通过制定终身教职规则和标准来激励作为从动者的科研人员养成良好的学术修养．通过院系和教师之间动态的Stackelberg主从微分对策模型分析,指出在终身教职规则和标准下形成的学术修养对科研人员学术生产能力具有持久的正效应,可以引致出更高的学术生产增长率和更高的学术生产能力水平．     

The attainment of White and ethnic minority students in distance education

At UK institutions of higher education, the academic attainment of White students tends to be higher than that of students from other ethnic groups. The present study confirmed this trend in students who were taking courses by distance learning with the UK’s Open University. It was apparent in students of all ages apart from the youngest, and it was largely independent of their gender, academic background and socioeconomic circumstances, or the particular course being taken. Students’ interactions with teachers and other students are attenuated in distance education, and so the results suggest that the explanation for the attainment gap in ethnic minority students must be sought elsewhere than in the nature of their relationships with teachers and other students.     

论高等院校中的教师教育

在高校招生规模大幅增长的情况下,加强高等院校中的教师教育,是解决高等教育教学质量下降的途径之一。本文首先分析了高校教师的能力素质要求,将其分解为:思想道德素养、学术素养、教学素养;其次提出了加强高校教师教育的几个方法和途径,希望能够对高等院校的教师教育有所促进。     

Lessons for the Future from The Future of Schools

Whether or not more effective schools can successfully mitigate the impacts of early disadvantage upon educational attainment remains uncertain. We investigated 2,664 children aged 6–11 years and measured their academic skills in English and maths along with self-regulation at 6, 7, and 11. Experiencing multiple disadvantages before age 5 strongly impaired later self-regulation and academic attainment. However, attending a more academically effective primary school for just a single year was found to partially protect all outcomes at age 6. In addition, more academically effective primary schools significantly lessened the extent to which earlier abilities in reading, writing, and self-regulation predicted these same abilities at age 11. Thus, although attending a more academically effective primary school does not eliminate the adverse impacts of multiple disadvantage experienced at a younger age, it can mitigate them by promoting better academic attainment and self-regulation up to age 11 for children who had experienced more disadvantages.     

Perceived ability and success: which self-efficacy measures matter? A distance learning perspective

This paper sought to determine the effects of three self-efficacy measures on the academic attainment of students who were enrolled for the first time at the University of South Africa (Unisa) in 2015. The measures of interest were self-regulated learning efficacy, distance learning self-efficacy and computer and online technologies self-efficacy. Overall, only DLSE was found to have a significant effect on academic attainment albeit with a low effect (r = ?.13), explaining only 1.7% of the variation in the academic achievement between successful and unsuccessful students. DLSE also explained 10% of the variation in academic achievement between successful and unsuccessful students who, although new to Unisa, were not new to higher education.     

Achievement goals and approaches to studying: evidence from adult learners in distance education

Achievement goals predict learning in children and young adults, but it is unclear whether they apply to older adults and how they are related to approaches to studying. An online survey examined achievement goals, approaches to studying and academic attainment in distance learners. The Achievement Goals Questionnaire-Revised and the Approaches to Learning and Studying Inventory were given to 2000 students, yielding 1211 responses. The findings confirmed the 2?×?2 model of mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals in adult distance learners. Mastery goals were positively associated with deep and strategic approaches to studying but negatively associated with a surface approach. Performance goals showed only weak associations with approaches to studying. Performance-approach goals were positively related to attainment, performance-avoidance goals were negatively related to attainment, but mastery goals were unrelated to attainment. The relationship between achievement goals and attainment was partly but not wholly mediated by approaches to studying.