语文教育：四借“研读”巧作媒

新一轮课程改革明确了语文课程性质的核心是“工具性与人文性的统一”,不仅强调了语文教学要重视培养学生语文运用能力,而且强调了语文课程在育人方面的特殊功能,表明了语文课程目标所追求的语文教育目标是语文文化,而不是单纯的语文知识。因此,在语文教学中,应改变传统教学中过于注重知识与技能传授的状况,在知识与技能的习得中让学生得到情感的熏陶感染,感受到语文教育的价值,提高表达、交往、沟通的能力,彰显人文内涵。要达到这一要求,语文教育必须借助四个方面的研读：     

注重新课程目标的有机整合

语文课程目标培养具有多维度 ,语文课程是根据知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观三个维度设计的 ,三个方面相互渗透 ,融为一体 ,注重语文素养的整体提高。语文课程目标是基于对语文素养认识确认的 ,处理好语言训练、思维训练和思想教育的关系 ,注重多维目标的有机整合。语文教学目标具有多元性 ,课堂教学要注重创新思维、多种能力、学习方法目标的培养与整合。     

语文教学中美感能力的培养

新课改背景下,各门课程的学习目标都发生了重大变革,由单一的知识目标,转向知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观的三维立体目标。《语文课程标准》中也明确规定:语文课程"应重视提高学生的品德修养和审美情趣,使他们逐     

运用三维目标 改进语文教学

新的《义务教育语文课程标准》倡导全面提高学生的语文素养。为了体现这一理念,新的语文课程标准明确提出语文教学应根据知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观的三维目标,并把它们融为一体。在语文课堂教学中,我们将如何运用三维教学目标,使学生掌握学习方法,学生的知识与能力、情感态度与价值观获得提升与发展,以实现全面提高学生语文素养的教学目标,已     

拉近知识与人的距离——浅谈语文课程知识重构的策略

语文课程的核心问题是知识问题,当前语文课程知识的不良状况使语文课程知识必须重构,语文课程知识的重构必须关注学生,改变以往知识与人疏离的状况,拉近知识与人的距离,其主要策略为：在知识生产上,改变笼统静态的知识,建构具体动态的知识;在知识选择取向上,淡化学科取向,强化学生取向;在知识呈现方式上,减少控制,增加对话。     

拉近知识与人的距离——浅谈语文课程知识重构的策略

语文课程的核心问题是知识问题,当前语文课程知识的不良状况使语文课程知识必须重构,语文课程知识的重构必须关注学生,改变以往知识与人疏离的状况,拉近知识与人的距离,其主要策略为：在知识生产上,改变笼统静态的知识,建构具体动态的知识;在知识选择取向上,淡化学科取向,强化学生取向;在知识呈现方式上,减少控制,增加对话。     

试析评价实践与课程目标的错位

语文学习评价 ,是达成语文课程目标的基本手段之一。科学的评价有三大基本功能 :一是定位 ,对学生的语文学习状况进行准确的描述 ;二是引导 ,为学生的语文学习指引努力的方向 ;三是激励 ,给学生的语文学习注入不竭的动力。评价是为目标服务的。评价科学与否 ,最终取决于课程目标能否顺利达成。《语文课程标准》根据知识和能力、过程与方法、情感态度和价值观三个维度对语文课程目标进行了全面而科学的设计 ,是我们对学生语文学习进行评价时必须牢牢把握的依据和准绳。本文对一些错位现象进行评析 ,希望能够引起广大语文教师的关注。一、课堂…     

语文课程目标确立与内容建设关系论析

要有效解决语文课程目标不甚清晰与语文课程内容长期缺失的关键性问题,在课程认识与实践中就要确立对语文知识特别是"语文形式"方面(领域)的知识传递与技能训练为基本课程对象,并进而以提高学生听说读写能力与素养为根本课程目标.在此认识基础上,还应在实践探索中把语文知识作为课程内容体系建设的基础、把"语文形式"方面(领域)的知识作为重点、把"语文形式"方面(领域)的程序性知识作为关键,才能实现构建系统完备语文课程内容体系的目标.在语文课程目标确立与内容建设中,要力求以课程目标确立的明晰全面系统等来确保课程内容建设中的明晰全面系统,从而构建课程目标引领课程内容、课程内容服务于课程目标的建设体系.     

"三维"课程目标的核心是"知识和能力"

在“三维”课程目标中,“知识和能力”是语文课程的根本目标。“过程和方法”是实现“知识和能力”目标的手段和途径;“情感态度和价值观”是实现“知识和能力”目标的动力或激励力量。     

将“偷”字探究到底——例谈课堂教学三维目标的整体性

《义务教育语文课程标准（2011）》在＂课程基本理念＂中提出：＂注重知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观的整体发展。＂知识与能力、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观就是所说的三维目标。把三维目标列入教学目标并放在突出的地位,这是过去教学大纲从来没有的,它是语文新课程改革的一大亮点。     

培智学校生活语文教学设计的现实特征与改进路径

生活语文是培智学校开设的一般性课程,其教学设计的科学性关系到学生基础语文知识与技能的获得以及生活适应能力的提高。文章采用文本分析法对三名培智学校生活语文教师的教案从准备内容、目标设计、用具选择、过程创设、评价设定五个方面进行系统的概述和分析。结果发现,培智学校生活语文教学设计主要表现为五个方面的现实特征：教学准备抓住了教学四要素,却缺乏对教学需求的精准把握;教学目标设计突显了个别化和工具性特点,却忽视了情感领域的目标;教学用具类型多样,却未切实联系学生的已有经验;教学过程创设多样化活动,却未能融入生活语文的人文属性;教学评价设定注重个性化,却缺乏生活化和过程性的评价活动。文章基于教学设计中存在的不足提出针对性的改进路径,以期为培智学校生活语文教学设计的完善和优化提供参考。     

知识技术视野中的教育技术思想简史

作为探究教育教学系统构造的技术过程的学科,教育技术学包括教学设计与课程开发两方面的内容,教育技术的历史进步表现为教学设计和课程开发技术原理和技术效应件的进化。教学设计的整体原理至今仍为加涅的"教学—学习映射表",局部效应件的进化则包括教学目标、学习结果分类、教学策略制定等。在课程开发领域,至今尚未出现整体性的课程开发技术原理;虽然博比特、查特斯、加涅等人对活动设计、课程任务有过一些研究,但社会角色的分析技术、课程知识的组织、课程目标的分类等技术效应件也都不够成熟。     

Supporting Science Teachers in Alignment with State Curriculum Standards through Professional Development: Teachers’ Preparedness, Expectations and Their Fulfillment

Since A Nation at Risk was released in the 1980s, standards-based reform has been the most dominant trend in American educational policy, and the No Child Left Behind Act pushed the trend further by requiring states to develop rigorous curriculum standards. Though much has been said about these new standards, less has been said about whether or how well professional development helps teachers link their instruction to these standards. This study examined the impact of a professional development program for K-12 science teachers in helping teachers meet state curriculum standards. Seventy-five science teachers in Michigan participated in a 2-week summer workshop that used Problem-Based Learning for improving teachers’ content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. Researchers surveyed participating teachers about the change of teachers’ preparedness for standards-based teaching, their expectations to meet state curriculum standards, and whether their expectations were met. In addition, the usefulness of workshop activities was examined. Data analysis showed that to align teaching with state curriculum standards, participating teachers expected to learn instructional strategies and enhance science content knowledge through professional development, and by and large their expectations were well met. Collaboration with colleagues and facilitators helped teachers achieve their goals in terms of teaching within state curriculum standards. These findings have important implications for designing professional development to help teachers align instruction with curriculum standards.     

Learned adaptations: Teachers’ understanding and use of curriculum resources

This study focused on the use of curriculum materials for three teachers who had enacted instructional sequences from the materials on multiple occasions. The study investigated how the teachers drew on the materials, what they understood about the curriculum resources, and how they connected their use of the materials to their observations of student thinking. There were similarities across the teachers, particularly with respect to their goals and how they read and followed recommendations in the teacher resource materials. There were differences in how their task revisions were in response to what they observed about student thinking. The teacher who most intensively observed student thinking made connections between her interpretations of students’ strategies and her use of the curriculum resources, allowing her to design learned adaptations. Learned adaptations required both an understanding of the design rationale and empirically developed knowledge of how that rationale played out in practice. The empirically developed knowledge could not be totally anticipated by the designers, in part because it developed within a particular context by a teacher with particular characteristics. The case of the teacher who developed learned adaptations showed how these complementary forms of knowledge helped her to use the curriculum resources in ways that enhanced students’ opportunities for sense making. Furthermore, her adaptations were intended to facilitate success not only at the task level, but also across instructional sequences as well. This study also shows how professional vision is not limited to informing only in-the-moment instructional decisions, but also to the use of curriculum materials.     

Special Education Teacher Education: A Perspective on Content Knowledge

The passage of No Child Left Behind and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act has strengthened the conditions for instructional accountability for all learners. The standards‐based approach promulgated by curriculum and state assessments is central to the accountability of conditions in today's schools; however, national and state data continue to document a performance gap between students with learning disabilities (LD) and their nondisabled peers. Building on 5 years of experience in developing and testing the Blending Assessment with Instruction Program in mathematics, we present three basic principles that are essential to ensuring that students with LD achieve curriculum standards: (1) instruction must be aligned with curriculum standards, (2) teachers' content knowledge is essential to translating curriculum standards into aligned instruction, and (3) instructional methodology should receive greater attention during teacher preparation.     

Viewpoint: What we did not learn from the 60s about science curriculum reform

An analysis of our efforts with curriculum reform in science during the 60s is offered. Failure to state the problems and to engage all those interested, involved, and affected is noted. Instead of proceeding with the same tactics and using the same rationale for new reforms, a rationale for focusing upon instructional goals and enlarging the research and development team is presented. Basically, a call for treating science curriculum reform as a science rather than an art is advocated.     

在《中国近现代史纲要》教学中引入地方史资源的实践探索——以海南地方史资源为例

《中国近现代史纲要》是以中国近现代史为载体,对大学生进行思想政治教育的重要课程。在教学过程中,如果能引入地方史资源,能有助于大学生了解历史细节,增大历史可信度,有助于帮助学生树立革命理想信念,增强历史责任感,激发他们探寻历史规律的兴趣,从而有效提高教学效果。当然,在教学中引入地方史资源应把握好适当性原则,以免产生以偏概全之嫌。     

关于语文课程目标百年嬗变的反思

自晚清语文独立设科以来,语文课程目标问题是人们一直在讨论而始终没有达成共识的老大难问题。尽管如此,人们对语文课程目标的认识不断趋向成熟,对语文课程目标体系的建设不断趋向完善,对语文课程目标的表述也不断趋向科学。回顾与反思近百年来关于语文课程目标的规定与讨论的历史,梳理语文课程目标论争的主要观点,探究语文课程目标嬗变的根本原因,对于我们认定语文课程目标的价值取向、构成要素和表达方式无疑是有益的。     

新课改下中学语文课堂导入例谈

新课程标准强调了“知识和能力”、“过程和方法”、“情感态度和价值观”三个维度的教学目标。新课改下的语文课必然是朝向三维目标的课堂,语文课堂的导入行为必然也将以三个雏度的教学目标为出发点和归宿。     

INSTRUCTIONAL COHERENCE IN CHINESE MATHEMATICS CLASSROOM—A CASE STUDY OF LESSONS ON FRACTION DIVISION

In this study, we examined the instructional coherence in a Chinese mathematics classroom by analyzing a sequence of four videotaped lessons on the topic of fraction division. Our analysis focused on the characteristics of instructional coherence both within and across individual lessons. A framework was developed to focus on lesson instruction in terms of its content and process and the teacher's use of classroom discourse. The analyses of lesson instruction were further supplemented with the analyses of teaching materials and interviews with the teacher. The findings go beyond previous studies that mainly focused on a single lesson to provide further evidence about Chinese teachers' instructional practices and their possible impact on students' learning. In particular, the teacher tried to help students build knowledge connections and coherence through lesson instruction. Results also suggest that coherent curriculum and the teacher's perception of the knowledge coherence facilitated the teacher's construction of coherent classroom instruction.