美国特许学校政策演变及启示

特许学校作为美国近10年发展起来的一种新型公立学校形式。以其灵活的办学形式、高效的办学绩效极大地促进了美国教育的公平。对这一办学形式产生背景、内在特性的分析以及与我国基础教育公平程度现状的比较,可以发现我国在促进教育公平的进程中可积极实施分类特许学校制度。引入绩效考评机制、逐步改变教育投资重心,明确国家责任,从而形成一个全社会重视基础教育公平建设的氛围。     

针对美国特许学校的十项辩论

特许学校是美国公立教育改革的产物，围绕特许学校的产生和发展一直有赞成和批评两种截然相反的态度。通过对特许学校的辩论，可以了解特许学校办学机制和内外部条件。     

美国特许学校面面观

自 1991年美国明尼苏达州创立第一所特许学校以来 ,到 1998年 9月 ,已有 34个州 (其中包括哥伦比亚特区 )通过《特许学校法》 ,开办的特许学校数量达 10 50所 ,仅在 1998年 9月新开设的特许学校就有 361所。不过各州分布不均 ,有些州虽然通过了《特许学校法》 ,但至今未开办特许学校 (这样的州有 9个 ) ,4 4 % (4 57所 )的特许学校集中在加利福尼亚州、密歇根州、亚利桑那州。至此 ,在美国公共教育中 ,一种新型的学校———特许学校蓬勃发展起来 ,为公共教育注入了一股新的活力。　　一、什么是特许学校特许学校是一种独立的公立学校 ,由美…     

美国特许学校发展对我国教育公平改革的启示

特许学校作为美国近一二年发展起来的一种新型公立学校形式。以其灵活的办学形式、高效的办学绩效极大的促进了美国教育的公平。对这一办学形式特点、本土化分析以及与我国基础教育公平程度现状的比较后。可以发现我国在促进教育公平的进程中可积极实施分类特许学校制度,引入绩效考评机制、逐步改变教育投资重心,明确国家责任,从而形成一个全社会重视基础教育公平建设的氛围。     

试析美国的特许学校

特许学校（charter school）是20世纪90年代美国中小学教育领域出现的一种新型学校,体现了美国教育改革的新思路,因而引起了美国上至政府,下至百姓的普遍关注。丈章从特许学校的缘起及其迅速发展的原因、当前面临的问题与挑战等方面进行了论述,以期对我国目前办学形式的多样化提供新的视角和启示。     

美国特许学校法解析

美国各州的特许学校法对特许学校的支持力度差异较大,本文对美国特许学校法的比较研究以六个典型州为例,并根据法律支持力度将其分为两组,从总量限制情况、合法授权主体、特许合法申请人、类型和期限的限制情况等十个不同角度对特许学校法加以比较,试图呈现法律支持力度的差异与美国各州特许学校发展不均衡之间的密切关系,说明法律对教育发展所起到的至关重要的作用。     

公平而卓越:美国特许学校运动的新趋势

美国特许学校运动历经17余年的发展,在提高学生学习成绩、为家长提供更多教育选择方面取得了一定的成就.在新的形势下,需要通过创办新学校、关闭表现欠佳学校等策略将特许学校的发展方向转移到提高质量上来,从而推动整个公立教育系统追求卓越化的进程.     

美国特许学校的类型

美国总统克林顿一上台就颁布了一项法律:《2000年教育目标:美国教育法》,着手修改布什时期的教育政策,废除教育凭证制度,推行特许学校计划。计划到下个世纪在美国要创立3000所特许学校。目前,美国已有近1100所这样的学校,33个州和哥伦比亚特区都已通过了特许学校法。从这一计划在1993年正式提出至今,特许学校已有了蓬勃发展,虽然人们对此褒贬不一,但是与凭证制度比较,人们还是比较容易接受的。特许学校法鼓励教师、家长、社区成员、工商业、企业界人士参与教育改革,提高教育质量。于是全国出现了各种各样的特许学校,本文就此简单介绍一下。1…     

美国特许学校的成功

美国教育改革中心(CER)在2003年9月17号发布了报告《研究特许学校的发现》(What the：Research Reveals About Charter Schools)的第三版。这个报告是1995年来多个研究的合集，内容主要是特许学校对学生、教师和社区的影响。教育改革中心的主席阿伦(Jeanne Allen)说，“研究发现：特许学校富有成效”。大学、研究者、州教育部、     

Gifted and Talented Programs in Charter Schools

ABSTRACT

The fact that the reform movement in public education has directed greater attention to the needs of underperforming students than to those of gifted and talented (G/T) students is both well documented and not surprising in the current political climate. Some advocates for G/T education greeted the growth of charter schools as promising a more receptive environment for G/T students and programs. Indeed, enthusiasm was so great that early critics of charter schools worried that they would result in “creaming” G/T students from the general population leaving public schools in worse shape than before (Wells et al., 1999). However, not only has evidence of this “creaming” not been found but, rather, only approximately 30% of charter schools report that they have a G/T program at all (Gruber et al., 2002). The charter schools in this study (n = 49) were found to provide varied instructional programs and employ recommended practices such as acceleration and project-based learning to meet the needs of their G/T students. They don't focus on identification of G/T students. While some schools are based on a philosophy that all students are gifted, others only recognize the gifts and talents as they emerge. We found that these schools provide flexible grouping and independent learning plans to assure that all students can progress as far as possible as quickly as possible.     

Charter Schools: Implications for Teachers and Administrators

Young adolescents’ low scores on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) force the question of whether these students will be ready for college in four years. Our efforts to build a college-going culture emphasize strengthening students’ writing skills by using preservice teachers to lead writing marathons for at-risk middle school students on university visits. Structured interviews, surveys, and written reflections reveal that what students write about changes with age, their motivation to write varies, and their college aspirations and perceptions become more positive after completing several annual writing marathons on a college campus. The writing marathon structure makes the college visit truly meaningful to students, and it provides a compelling incentive to write by supporting characteristics of middle school students, as defined by the National Middle School Association (National Middle School Association [NMSA] 2003 National Middle School Association (NMSA). 2003. This we believe. Successful schools for young adolescents, Westerville, OH: National Middle School Association.  [Google Scholar]). The marathon model focuses on four key elements: setting, timing, small groups, and writers’ level of commitment.     

Charter Schools and Urban Education Improvement: A Comparison of Newark’s District and Charter Schools

This article compares student achievement of fourth graders in charter schools and district public schools in Newark, New Jersey. We find that Newark and New Jersey’s charter schools mirror the educational inequalities of the state as a whole, as well as its Abbott Districts. The data indicate that charter schools are similar to district urban public schools, with pockets of excellence and mediocrity. We measure school performance based on two criteria: actual test score performance, and the difference between actual and predicted performance. We find that some charter schools are able to achieve performance above predicted, given their school and student characteristics, while other schools do worse than predicted. Thus charter schools are not simply a magic bullet, but rather they warrant further investigation to see which practices work and which don’t, especially in a challenging urban setting such as Newark.Jason M. Barr is an Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA. Louisa Visconti is a Research Associate, Department of Urban Education, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey, USA. Address correspondence to Alan R. Sadovnik who is a Professor of Education, Sociology and Public Affairs and Associate Director, Institute on Education Law and Policy, Department of Urban Education, Rutgers University-Newark, 165 Bradley Hall, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; e-mail: sadovnik@andromeda.rutgers.edu     

Using Charter Schools to Alleviate Racial Exclusion in Rural America: An Innovative Idea or a Trojan Horse?

ABSTRACT

Racial segregation has remained a lasting legacy of rural schools in southern states. Our article explains a case where community leaders created a diverse charter school to change its historical practice of an isolated White private school and isolated African American public schools. We scan documents and literature related to this integration strategy to surface key themes when using rural charter schools to alter patterns of school segregation. First, we explain pressing issues in rural schools. Second, we describe how segregation and inequality have evolved in the South. Third, we explain research showing how charter schools maintain patterns of school segregation, but with exceptions and nuances in certain contexts. Fourth, we consider the benefits and tensions surrounding one rural charter school that offers an integrated educational program. Benefits range from societal to individual as the school fosters an environment where students are exposed to diverse educational experiences. Tensions include shifting power and funding dynamics and the possibility of using a good example to shepherd in less effective charter models elsewhere.     

特许学校与美国择校制度

择校制度是美国教育改革的一个中心议题。美国目前已形成特许学校、磁石学校、学费券、家庭学校等多种教育形式共同发展的多元化格局。本文以特许学校为例,从历史的角度阐述了美国择校制度的演进,择校制度的推行以及择校制度的效果,对我国基础教育改革具有借鉴意义。     

美国特许学校的办学绩效分析--来自美国加利福尼亚的报告

特许学校是美国20世纪90年代出现的一种新型公立学校.经过10多年的发展,特许学校的办学绩效引起了美国教育界的广泛关注.本文介绍了美国加州关于特许学校绩效分析的一份最新报告.     

Scaling Up Success for English Language Learners in Charter Schools: Exploring the Role of Charter School Authorizers

Abstract

The population of English language learners (ELLs) and the number of charter school students have both increased rapidly over the past two decades, but no existing research has examined the role that charter school authorizers play to ensure that ELLs have equitable access to charter schools and that those schools implement research-based programs for ELLs. To fill this gap, our exploratory qualitative study employed a multiple-case case study approach to examine how 10 diverse authorizers considered ELLs in their authorizing practices. Guided by Honig’s (2006) three Ps framework (people, places, and practices), we examined how authorizing practices were shaped by external factors, the agency of the actors within the authorizing office, and by the local context in which the authorizer was situated. Overall we found that ELL-related authorizing practices varied widely across the sample, as some authorizers integrated ELLs into their practices, while others paid little explicit attention to ELLs. In terms of place, contextual factors at the state, district, and authorizer levels contributed to the variation. Within the people component of the framework, the commitment of authorizing staff members to improve access and quality for ELLs in charter schools was an important factor, as was the authorizer’s access to ELL-related expertise. We conclude by outlining implications for research, practice, and policy.     

美国特许学校的特点及对我国基础教育改革的启示

美国的特许学校是一种公办学校,由政府投资,不受传统的公立学校的很多规章制度的制约。以自由与责任兼顾的绩效责任制、灵活多样的课程设置、小班化的教学、自主性的教师聘用为特色。特许学校取得了很大的成效,促进了美国基础教育的公平。我们可以从我国的国情出发,借鉴美国特许学校的宝贵经验,来有效地改革我国的基础教育。     

试论美国特许学校的新型绩效责任制度

特许学校是美国近十年发展起来的一种新型公立学校形式。本文在介绍绩效责任理论含义和特许学校运动发展的基础上,从“立法”和“特许”的角度论述了特许学校新型的绩效责任制度,并结合图表分析了它与传统公立学校绩效责任的差异,最后简单说明了特许学校是如何发展内外部绩效责任的。     

Seeing Charters Differently: A New Approach to National Comparisons of Charter and Traditional Public Schools

ABSTRACT

The national debate over charter schooling has become increasingly heated in 2016, driven by polarized narratives about the students charters typically serve. Opponents argue charters cream-skim more advantaged students, while proponents hold they primarily serve historically disadvantaged students. National evidence on charter student selectivity has not kept pace with these arguments. Rigorous comparisons of charter and traditional public schools (TPSs) have limited scope and generalizability, while oversimplified national comparisons are often misleading. This essay presents a novel method for national comparisons of charter schools’ student poverty, special education, limited English proficient (LEP) composition and discipline rates, to those of their nearest five TPS neighbors. Findings show that charters’ student compositions differ from those in neighboring TPSs, but not in uniform ways.