The effects of parent self‐recording and home feedback in systematic parent training

This study experimentally evaluated the effects of three parent‐ training phases on the parents’ use of consequences to appropriate and deviant behaviour, and the frequency of deviant child behaviour in the home, within a single subject partial reversal design. Instruction No Feedback comprised didactic lecture presentation, verbal and written instruction in a group training setting to teach the parent to use behavioural procedures at home. Self‐monitoring Plus Feedback comprised the parent self‐recording aversive comments to the child and differential therapist feedback on her performance of various behavioural skills. Feedback Alone involved the continuation of feedback sessions but the withdrawal of self‐monitoring. Observation results indicated that Self‐monitoring Plus Feedback produced higher levels of parent attention to appropriate behaviour, lower levels of attention to deviant behaviour and low levels of deviant child behaviour when compared to Baseline, Instruction No Feedback and Feedback Alone conditions. The implications of the results for parent training were discussed.     

The effects of instructional organization and locus of control orientation on meaningful learning in high school biology students

This study investigated the effects on meaningful learning achievement of concept-related instructional organization and locus of control orientation. Two five-week instructional treatments were developed, one which explicitly stressed concept relationships and one which did not. Five hundred and forty-one subjects at six Indiana high schools were involved in the study. Analyses of covariance of posttest and six-week retention test scores with treatment as the independent variable showed no significant treatment effect. Analyses of variance of test scores with locus of control orientation as the independent variable resulted in highly statistically significant differences. Subjects with an internal locus of control orientation achieved more than externally oriented subjects. A two-way analysis of covariance by treatment and locus of control orientation resulted in a statistically significant treatment/locus of control interaction effect for retention test scores. Externally oriented subjects who were exposed to the concept-related treatment generally retained more than those in the comparison group. Internally oriented subjects retained about the same amount of information regardless of treatment group. When the male and female subjects were analyzed separately, the interaction effect appeared greater for females than for males.     

The effects of training on the development of the ability to control variables

Based on a criterion test 27 fifth and sixth grade students were selected who could not control variables. Three groups were formed. The control group received no training; a second group received training relying upon external reinforcement, and the third group, training designed to induce internal cognitive conflict. The groups receiving training did only slightly better than the control group on the posttest. On the retention test one month later, all three groups had almost identical scores. The mean combined retention test score was found to be significantly greater than the pretest score. The improvement of the control and conflict groups supports Smedslund's⁸ finding that external reinforcement may not always be necessary for behavioral changes to occur. A further analysis of test scores led to the classification of students according to Piaget's developmental stages. During the course of the study a significant number of students improved in their stage placement. Based on retention test performance nearly half of the students having a mean age 11.8 years could be classed in late formal operations with regard to their ability to control variables. Inhelder and Piaget¹² reported that this level was not normally reached until 14 or 15 years of age. In conclusion, the results support the possibility that while development of the ability to control variables can be accelerated by training at the fifth and sixth grade level some children are surprisingly unaffected regardless of whether the training is based on external reinforcement or cognitive conflict procedures.     

The effects of group relaxation training/large muscle exercise,and parental involvement on attention to task,impulsivity, and locus of control among hyperactive boys

This study examined the effects of group relaxation training/large muscle exercise and parental involvement on attention to task, impulsivity, and locus of control among 34 hyperactive boys. Subjects were randomly assigned to treatment (T₁ and T₂) and control groups. The experimental treatments each included three once‐weekly group sessions of relaxation training and large muscle exercise; in addition, parents were involved with the intervention for T₂ subjects. (Parental participation unfortunately was less than planned.) Following treatment both experimental groups recorded significantly higher attention to task, lower impulsivity, and lower locus of control scores, indicating a more internal orientation. While differences between treatment and control groups were clear‐cut, those between the two treatment groups were not; T1, subjects demonstrated higher attention to task, lower impulsivity, and more external locus of control scores in comparison with T2, subjects. While relaxation training and large muscle exercise appear to warrant inclusion in programs involving hyperactive children, no such recommendation can be made for including parents at this stage.     

视译训练在口译教学中的重要性及模式分析

视译法是提高学生学好英语口译的前提基础,基于此笔者对视译的基本概念、视译原则、技巧等作了简单概述,并在此基础上提出了SI Model口译训练模式,希望以此来提高学生的口译能力。     

Stimulant medication and parent training therapies for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder

The present article provides a brief overview of the clinical use of two of the most commonly used and effective therapies for Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children: stimulant medication treatment and training parents in child behavior management skills. The clinical issues involved in the use of each treatment, as well as their limitations, are reviewed, along with evidence for their efficacy. It is concluded that ADHD is a developmental disorder of attention, impulse control, and regulation of activity level that requires multiple treatment methods, which must be applied over long time intervals if they are to produce an impact on the outcome of children with ADHD.     

The effects of sodium pentobarbital on matching and oddity performance in pigeons

The effects of sodium pentobarbital on matching and oddity performance in pigeons were examined by employing a higher-order conditional discrimination paradigm. In this paradigm, the line orientation which was superimposed on all of the response keys signaled whether a response to the matching color or a response to the nonmatching color was correct. All pigeons had extensive previous training in this paradigm and were tested at each of three dosage levels: 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg. For all birds, a clear dose-related decrease in accuracy was observed; however, the effect was not differential for matching and oddity trials. Accuracy reductions were accompanied by an increase in position preference on both types of trials. The data are compatible with recent claims that physical identity of the sample and correct comparison stimulus need have no special status for pigeons.     

口腔本科生创新培养模式的培养效果研究

目的:创新高校口腔本科学生培养方式,提高人才培养质量。方法:对相邻两个年级的学生采取不同的培养模式,通过素质考核结果及学生个人体验调查分析培养效果。结果:按照创新培养模式培养的学生,在就业质量率及就业质量、考研率、文献检索能力及临床技能水平等多方面较传统培养模式培养的学生,有明显提高。结论:培养模式创新有利于口腔本科学生的培养。     

对外汉语教师及其培养模式探索

对外汉语教育事业的发展、推广正处于难得的发展机遇期,对外汉语教师的数量与质量对这项工作的发展有着重要的制约作用.师资的培养与选拔是对外汉语教育目前存在的最为突出的问题.目前的<汉语作为外语教学能力证书>的考试科目,侧重点仍放在静态的知识积累层面,而实际教学中的动态传递、阐释、组织教学等能力的考核似乎没有落脚点.对外汉语教师素质应具备杂家的综合能力,即:学科结构素质和综合能力素质.教师培养通常可从定向型、非定向型与混合型三个渠道进行.     

试论广播电视大学的人才培养模式

本文根据1999年教育部批转《中央广播电视大学人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点项目研究工作》的要求,通过对中央广播电视大学在具有中国“特色”的大众化高等教育时代的“定位”,确定发展方向,在人才培养模式、培养途径、教与学的模式上进行探讨,使广播电视大学办出区别于其他高等学校的特色来,从而加快推动我国高等教育大众化的发展进程。     

排球运动的耗能特点及其训练方式

排球运动的功能负荷是有O2与无O2相结合．其有O2训练和无O2训练也是有一定规律可循的,采用科学有效的方法进行训练是提高训练水平、攀登世界体育高峰的重要保证．     

复合型人才的界定以及培养模式的思考

从人才的知识结构和能力,以及未来对人才的需求为出发点分析究竟什么是复合型人才,对比了复合型人才与传统型人才的不同特征以及在培养模式上的区别。     

农业高职“三业互融,行校联动”人才培养模式创新与实践

人才培养模式是高等职业教育内涵建设的核心。文章在重新认识高职教育人才培养模式的内涵,反思国家示范性高等职业院校涉农专业人才培养模式改革的基础上,提出江苏畜牧兽医职业技术学院三业互融,行校联动人才培养模式,并在专业层面具体实践了课堂-养殖场、四阶递进等多种有效的人才培养模式实现形式。     

加工层次理论与高级英语阅读中词汇呈现模式

以Craik和Lockhart的加工层次理论为框架,论述了高级英语阅读中词汇的有效呈现模式应是深层编码法和浅层编码法相结合的多样化的综合呈现模式,以便词汇的有效存储、激活和提取.     

The relationship between learner control of CAI and locus of control among hispanic students

This study investigated achievement and motivation effects related to locus of control (internal and external) and three levels of learner control (no control, moderate control, and high control). The 101 seventh-grade and eighth-grade Hispanic subjects were classified as internal or external based on locus of control (loc) scores, blocked by sex and grade, then randomly assigned to the three levels of learner control in separate versions of a CAI instructional program in science. Internalloc subjects did not choose more en route practice than externals and did not perform better under high learner control. Theloc results raise questions about the usefulness of locus of control as it relates to instruction, at least with populations similar to the present one.     

对国外会展专业人才培养模式的借鉴与思考

会展业迅猛的产业发展和地位提升已经使之成为最具有发展前景的行业之一,我国的会展带动经济发展的势头也是日益增强,备受关注与重视。然而,一方面会展的迅速发展使对会展从业人员的素养要求越来越高;一方面会展专业人才又严重缺乏,这就导致专业人才的供需矛盾更显突出。因此,尽快培养优质的专业人才已迫在眉睫,对会展专业人才的培养模式的探索也必须受到高度重视。本文以此为背景,着重研究了国外会展专业的先进人才培养模式,寻找我国现阶段在这个领域教学的差距,探寻我国会展专业人才培养模式可提高突破的几个方面。     

高职院校学生境外就业培养模式探究

高职院校在围绕国内经济发展挖掘就业岗位,促进学生就业的同时,还需进一步突破学生就业的定势思维,创新就业模式,积极进军国际劳动力市场,开拓高职学生境外就业新路径。     

校企协同下高等教育自学考试人才培养模式的创新与实现策略

本文根据全国考办"自学考试综合改革试点工作研讨会"和江苏省教育考试院高等教育自学考试综合改革试点实施方案精神,以南京航空航天大学继续教育学院为例,从校企协同为社会企业培养技能型应用人才角度出发,创新高等教育自学考试人才培养模式,探索校企合作发展高等教育自学考试新机制,形成了一套较为完善的教育教学管理体系,走出了独特的以校企协同为办学特色的高等教育自学考试发展之路。