Governing for Results on a Postcollective Bargaining Wisconsin School Board

The popular narrative of Wisconsin’s collective bargaining battle started out being about money. Should public employees pay more toward their healthcare? Can school districts offset state aid cuts using the additional revenue from employee healthcare contributions? Does collective bargaining have a cost? This article gives an overview of Wisconsin school boards, explains exactly how Act 10 increased their power, demonstrates why and how improved school board governance can have an impact on student achievement, reviews the changes Wisconsin school boards are making because of Act 10, and provides policy recommendations to improve both board governance behaviors, and the quality of policies enacted by school boards in the postcollective bargaining era.     

The effects of school board consolidation and financing on student performance

Over the last 20 years, states and provinces have become increasingly involved in the financing and administration of elementary and secondary education. Local school boards, however, still retain control over key aspects of the provision of education. Historically, these boards were organized at the community level so as to meet the wants of the local community. Today, states and provinces have become more interested in consolidating school boards and moving to a more centralized funding scheme. Do these changes result in improved student achievement? This paper attempts to answer these questions by examining the school board consolidation and funding changes instituted by the province of Ontario. We differentiate the effects of the policy changes based on observed differences in the school boards prior to consolidation. We show that students in previously high wealth school boards perform worse after the policy change compared to students in previously low wealth school boards.     

Why school based assessment is not a universal feature of high stakes assessment systems?

Accepting that school based assessment may have the potential to bring additional reliability to the assessment outcomes of an educational system, this research uses Generalizability Theory to address the question “why school based assessment is not a universal feature of high stakes assessment systems”? Three major issues are identified: (a) there is a conflict between the psychometric model and classroom assessment practice; (b) different schools are not equally effective; and, (c) teachers’ judgments are frequently accused of being biased. The role of public examination boards is discussed in this context.     

标识语翻译校误及误因分析--以张掖市甘州区标识语译文为例

随着城市经济和旅游业的发展,城市无论大小,各处的标识牌呈现出以双语标示的趋势。但是,由于对标识语翻译管理的疏忽、译者的水平以及制作标识语牌的部门业务能力的欠缺,标识牌上的翻译有很多失误,这不仅影响了标识牌指示和提供信息的功能,也影响了一个城市的文化形象。文章主要是对张掖市甘州区各个公共场所的标识牌上的翻译进行了实地考察,然后进行分类整理并对错误进行分析纠正,同时分析了出现这些错误背后的原因并提出对策。     

The vice and virtue of conflict in boards: A longitudinal study into the effect of conflicts and cohesion on the task performance of supervisory school boards in the Netherlands

The increased diversity and autonomy of schools calls for a more professional approach to school governance. In response, attention has been directed to the structure of school boards in the Netherlands. However, previous research indicates that the effectiveness of governance is not so much about structure as it is about behaviour. Conflict, in particular, appears to be an important underexposed factor in the effective behaviour of school boards. In a longitudinal research design, a survey using Likert-scale items was distributed in 2016 and 2017 to executive directors of schools in the Netherlands to gauge their assessment of conflicts within the supervisory school board. Hierarchical regression analyses and moderator analyses were used to test the hypotheses. An increase in task-related conflicts were found to have a clear positive effect on the task performance of supervisory boards. An increase in numbers of relational conflicts had a negative effect on the control task performance, while an increase in process-related conflicts had a negative effect on the advisory task performance. The cohesion within a supervisory board proved to be an important moderator of the effect of task-related conflicts and relationship conflicts on the control task performance. The results from this research underline the need for a multidimensional conceptualisation of conflict in supervisory boards. The need for further research on the interaction between cohesion and conflicts is underscored. Boards should make room for substantive debate and even for the inevitable friction and irritation that is sometimes inherent in being effective in managing schools.     

AN ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING MODEL: A NECESSARY TOOL FOR COMMUNITY COLLEGE PRESIDENTS AND BOARDS OF TRUSTEES

How can community college presidents and boards of trustees safely manage the ethical dilemmas they face as they lead their institutions into the future and important resources continue to diminish? And what happens when a board member violates the board's code of conduct or the president either fails to consult a professional ethics code or ignores it? This article considers such a scenario. Recognizing that ethical dilemmas are complex and involve emotional responses, this article presents a nonlinear, multidimensional ethical decision-making model that can help presidents and boards maneuver through difficult situations in an ethical manner. This decision-making model consists of six steps to guide presidents and boards as they consider the most ethical course of action for their college and the community. These steps include (a) identifying the ethical dilemma; (b) gathering facts, self-monitoring, and consulting; (c) asking important questions; (d) creating alternate courses of action; (e) evaluating alternatives by the ethics code, law, and moral motivation; and (f) implementing a course of action by moral follow-through and virtue ethics.     

印刷线路板回收工艺研究

从印刷线路板组成材料的复杂性入手,结合中国电子废弃物的产生现状说明了印刷线路板回收利用的重要意义.分析了现在常用的几种线路板回收工艺的主要特点,并重点介绍了机械物理法、化学法和热裂解法的工艺特点,相关研究现状与发展趋势.     

水泥砼路面板底压浆及讨论

水泥砼路面板底压浆技术是解决水泥砼路面唧泥、脱空等病害的有效养护方法,可以减缓 裂缝、沉陷等病害的发展,对改善行车质量,延长水泥砼路面的使用寿命,降低养护成本具有较好的社会经 济效益.对其有关问题进行了讨论.     

Strategies for Data-Informed Labor Market Responsiveness

Central Arizona College (CAC) has leveraged EMSI to design the most effective regional strategies for academic/economic prediction analysis. Accessing current and reliable data on occupations, skills requirements, and demographics, CAC can extract, analyze, and present this data to academic programs, advisory boards, economic development councils, and private industries throughout the service area, allowing CAC to develop long term collaborations.     

学术自由辨析

学术自由是大学的灵魂,明确学术自由的性质、对象、目的、范围等问题,有助于理解和把握大学的本质和特点。学术自由是学者的特权,抑或普通公民的权利?学术自由与言论自由、思想自由是何关系?学者在专业领域以外享有学术自由吗?学院和大学董事会以及校长是学术自由的"天敌"吗?除了解聘教师之外,还有哪些威胁学术自由的因素?这些问题的回答能够帮助我们全面理解学术自由的内涵。     

Beyond professionalisation: enhancing the governance culture for Australian university governing boards

This article examines emerging norms of good practice for Australian university governing boards and issues that university governing boards could address to develop effective governance cultures. It firstly considers the ways in which support for many Australian university governing boards has become professionalised over the past decade. At the same time, longstanding tensions or ‘paradoxes’ persist, (Cornforth, 2003) notably between ‘corporate’ and ‘participatory’ board models. To ‘tame’ these tensions requires formative processes of deliberation and debate. The article outlines understandings that may assist boards to engage in such processes and to develop their awareness of differing values in governance practices.     

Middle-class writing in late medieval London

This paper seeks to ascertain the attitudes to, and work on, English school boards of clergymen from the three main Churches which had taken an active interest in education in England in the nineteenth century – the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church and the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Were the clergy ‘the enemy within’, attempting to subvert the cause of non‐denominational education? Little has previously been written about this work. The research has used a variety of primary sources, among them annual HMI reports on the educational provision in their areas and the pronouncements made by the leaders of the three Churches about their own representations on the boards. A variety of qualitative data has been accessed on the clergy influence in certain areas in the North of England using extant school board managers’ minutes. The picture that emerges from the evidence studied is of a significant and growing influence for Anglican clergy in rural areas. They undoubtedly had self‐interests in their membership, to ensure religious teaching in schools, to protect their own institutions and in part to assert their own status within society. In large towns and cities, boards proved to be independent of clergy control, with much authority given over to the headteachers. Roman Catholic priests often became board members and in doing so were in a position to defend their own schools. Throughout, the one group that did not share the influence on boards was the Wesleyan ministers, who were constrained by their own itinerant ministry. It is hoped that this will encourage further studies of individual communities, where School Board Managers’ Minutes survive, to add further qualitative evidence and further analysis of the direct influence of the clergymen of the three Churches discussed.     

Problem Interpretation and Resolution via Visual Stimuli: The Use of ‘Mood Boards’ in Design Education

This paper defines and discusses ‘mood boards’– those assemblages of images and, less frequently, objects, which are used to assist analysis, creativity and idea development in design activity. There is need for discussion since little published information currently exists to guide students and tutors. The paper proposes that mood boards can assist problem finding as well as problem solving. Primarily, mood boards provide a mechanism for students and practising designers to respond to perceptions about the brief, the problem as it emerges and the ideas as they develop. The construction of mood boards potentially stimulates the perception and interpretation of more ephemeral phenomena such as colour, texture, form, image and status. They are, like Debono's lateral thinking techniques, partly responses to an inner dialogue and partly provocation to become engaged in such a dialogue. Examples are drawn from recent work in the field of industrial design at Loughborough University.     

``Who are the actors in the government of French universities? The paradoxal victory of deliberative leadership.'

Empirical research of the C.S.O. on highereducation in the eighties showed that thecapacity of French universities for collectivedecision was very weak. Since that time, legislators have attempted toreinforce universities autonomy by creatingexecutive boards whose capacity forconstructing university policies is nowindisputable. The analysis focuses on thefollowing issue: what are the consequences ofthe strengthening of central management on thebalance of powers between executive boards,faculties, and democratic elected assemblies?     

冷战后波兰社会党议会执政的嬗变与启示

冷战后,波兰社会党（含左翼政党组织）的议会执政经历了多次的嬗变,成为冷战后东欧社会党政坛发展上的典型。波兰社会党议会执政的变化一方面是受冷战后东欧社会大背景影响的结果,但更多的是受波兰国内小环境,如社会政治不稳定、选民选举更加务实、政党政治发展不成熟、执政党建设不完善等原因造成的。波兰社会党议会执政的得失给当前各国政党实现上台执政,长久执政提供了反思素材。     

论取消我国公司法中经理职权规定的必要性

我国公司法在引进国外先进的公司制时，将我国原来落后的厂长（经理）负责制掺和其中，形成了目前这种董事会和经理分享公司行政权力的制度，这种制度在实际上使董事会形骸化，并造成行政效率低下，个人专断及腐败现象，使董事会制异化为个人专制，使公司制的优越性无法发挥出来。因此，必须取消公司法中经理的职权，并加强董事会的职能，以恢复公司制的本来面目，我们应借鉴国外的合理做法，建立专务董事，常务董事，董事会秘书和董事会常务会制度，用董事会集体领导代替“经理专政”。     

Good Faith and Trustworthiness in University Governance

Since the mid-1980s, universities have been faced with the rising prominence of the economic mandate in relation to the university's academic mission. In large measure, this has resulted from governments using universities to promote national competitiveness, economic development and employment readiness. To some, universities, themselves, now appear increasingly to behave like business corporations. Many in academe abhor the corporatisation of universities and mistrust their boards of governors for promoting this. Against this background, I ask two questions about the ethics of governors in relation to trust. First, what is the basis of the moral obligation of the board of governors to the university? Second, what are the grounds for the university community determining the board of governors to be trustworthy? Philosophers of education have had much to say about universities, but little about the ethics of governance. In this article, I attempt to address the ethical foundations of governance, and to set out the conditions for the trustworthiness of a board of governors.     

Contextual Influences on School Effectiveness: The Role of School Boards

The purpose of this research project is to investigate if characteristics of school boards and their administrative control do explain variance among schools in pupil achievement in the cognitive domain. A combination of findings of research on school effectiveness and organizational effectiveness, gives the ground for the framework of school boards’ administrative control used in this study. A random sample of 133 school boards and one specific primary school, selected out of the total number of schools they oversee, was drawn. The findings show that characteristics of school boards do explain variance in cognitive achievement. Even after controlling for student background and school characteristics, school boards do make a difference. School boards that involve school team and parents (committee) in their decision‐making process manage schools with relatively better results in the cognitive domain.     

Adaptive leadership in school boards in Australia: an emergent model

When school boards are confronted with the challenge of unfamiliar, changing contexts, opportunities and governance responsibilities, they have to be able to respond appropriately. The research reported in this paper investigated the response of five Western Australian primary school boards to such situations. It analyses interview data from 49 board members on their roles and responsibilities using elements of Heifetz' framework of adaptive leadership, and explores the implications of these findings for the boards and their leaders. The findings reinforce the importance of the leader's role in choreographing the learning of the board members, and raise questions about the effect that the composition of boards may have on their capacities for strategic thinking. The paper concludes with a model of adaptive leadership appropriate for school boards, emphasising key elements that are necessary for sustained change.     

Who controls the board in non-profit organizations? The case of private higher education institutions in Colombia

How should the governance system in a non-membership non-profit organization be designed? This organizational form has no shareholders; instead, donors provide funds. Thus, at the organizational level, the board of directors could have all the power. Under this legal form, who controls the board? If too powerful, boards could misuse resources or distract the organization from its foundational goals. We examine the case of private higher education institutions (HEIs) in Colombia and the balance of power in university governance systems which feature this organizational form. Most HEIs in our sample have a kind of assembly of representatives as the governance body with the highest authority and able to appoint and control the board. We specifically discuss the assemblies’ reason for being, structure, and functions in private HEIs in Colombia. We analyze a total of 204 HEI governance structures and find governance arrangements with the characteristics of an assembly of representatives in 154 (75.9%). Our analysis highlights features in some of these governance bodies that could lead to overly powerful assemblies (e.g., founder donors with tenure for life). Clearly, a proper balance of power is required to avoid rent-seeking behaviors or the pursuit of harmful private non-monetary benefits from assembly members as well as boards.