介评清朝政府禁烟法规

清朝政府颁布了一系列的禁烟法规,不同时期的禁烟法规有较大差别.康熙时期是增税以禁烟,雍正乾隆时期是禁止销售鸦片及开设烟馆,嘉庆时期是禁止鸦片进口和种植罂粟,道光前期是严惩禁毒烟渎职官吏,清朝末期是禁种罂粟和禁吸鸦片等.清朝政府禁烟法规较为规范系统,立法执法经验可鉴,但在法规内容、毒品概念、打击对象等方面存在很大问题,尤其是立法与执法严重脱节.     

最后的罂粟--"金三角"首年"禁种"调查

据联合国禁毒署2002年报告:金三角是全球20%鸦片的供应源头,其中缅北山区鸦片占金三角产量70%左右."9·11"之后,来自缅甸的毒品吸引着国际眼球.缅甸第二特区佤邦是金三角最大的罂粟种植园区之一,而佤邦联合军是缅甸最大民族武装.迫于国际压力和自身觉醒(毒品严重阻碍佤邦生产力,危害当地人民健康)以及摆脱"毒品王国"的名声,佤邦联合军总司令鲍有祥曾通过联合国禁毒署向世界宣布"小小的佤邦不想成为世界人民的敌人,要成为世界人民的朋友,我拿脑袋担保在2005年6月26日(国际禁毒日),佤邦全面禁种罂粟,成无毒源区".     

略论近代史上的鸦片问题

<正>在近代中国,鸦片象一场不可遏止的瘟疫,蔓延到全国各地,并泛滥一百多年,给中华民族造成了无穷无尽的灾难,对近代中国人来说,鸦片不仅仅是一种毒品,也是招致国家衰败与民族屈辱的祸源.鸦片问题是近代中国最为严重的社会问题之一.(一)鸦片,又叫阿芙蓉,俗称“大烟”,它是用罂粟汁液熬制而成的麻醉性毒品,中国本来并不出产鸦片,“鸦片”一词也是从外文音译而来;据史书记载,鸦片原产于西亚一带、后逐渐传入欧洲、南亚等地,唐时;罂粟作为药材由阿拉伯入带到中国.宋元之际,中国文献中关于罂粟的记载越来越多,但人们只知道罂粟可供观赏与治病,16世纪中叶,窃据澳门的葡萄牙开始向中国输入鸦片,鸦片制作与吸食方法也由西班牙人、荷兰人传入.并逐渐被中国人掌握,吸毒现象开始出现.鸦片的大量输入、吸毒恶习的泛滥是从18世纪英国确立向中国实行鸦片侵略政策开始的.英国自18世纪20年代开始向中国贩运鸦片,1773年第一任印度总督哈斯丁斯正式制定了对华鸦片政策.东印度公司取得了鸦片经营权,1834年 鸦片经营权由东印度公司转到英国私人企业手中,这“在鸦片贸易史上;标志着一个时代”.①英国鸦片贩子从此打着“自由贸易”的旗号开始对中国大规模输入鸦片.据统计,1834年为21885箱1838后激增为40200箱1821-1939年鸦片?     

为什么喝止咳药水会上瘾

当人长期接触一些化学物质时,会对这些物质产生依赖,这样的现象叫做成瘾.我们都知道,烟、酒和毒品都可以使人成瘾.然而,一些日常生活中能接触到的药物,比如咳嗽药水,也会使人上瘾,这是怎么回事呢? 吗啡的"亲兄弟" 这一切都要从吗啡说起.吗啡是从罂粟中提取的一种生物碱.罂粟的果汁干燥后就是鸦片,而吗啡就是鸦片提炼的产物.在现实生活中,有人曾经靠收集吗啡来制造毒品海洛因.因为吗啡经过化学改造,就会变成海洛因.可见,吗啡和毒品有着天然的"亲缘关系".     

警惕!毒品逼近青少年

每年的6月26日是国际禁毒日。据国际禁毒署报道:“毒品”将成为21世纪人类的大敌。我国是毒品过境与消费并存的毒品受害国。目前,我国出现了吸毒低龄化的趋势。寄托着民族未来与希望的青少年正在面临着毒品的威胁。预防和控制未成年人吸毒是控制新增吸毒人口的重点,应当引起社会各界的重视。什么是毒品?毒品是指非医疗、科研、教学等需要而滥用的有依赖性、成瘾性的药品,包括鸦片、吗啡、海洛因、大麻、可卡因等。鸦片,通称大烟,是草本植物罂粟未成熟果实的浆汁经干燥制成的;吗啡是由鸦片经提取制成的白色结晶粉     

民国时期的鸦片税收

北洋军阀统治时期,各地军阀为拥兵自重,鼓励和强迫农民滥种罂粟,巧立名目收取鸦片税捐,以充军饷。蒋介石南京国民政府成立初期,实行寓禁于征政策,以征代禁,不仅割据各省对鸦片收税如故,蒋介石本人也在大肆收取鸦片税以充军费,其农民银行即是为收取鸦片特税而设的“鸦片银行”。为了争夺丰厚的鸦片税收,北洋军阀时期不断派兵征战,而民国时期各省乃至中央的一些银行,都与鸦片贸易有着直接的关系。     

青少年与毒品

毒品按国际标准,可分为三类：一类是麻醉药品,有阿片类、大麻类、可卡因类。二类是精神药品,有镇静催眠类、中枢兴奋剂、致幻剂。三类是其他,如烟草、酒精、吸入剂。既然是毒品,为什么还有人“置生死于度外”呢？下面我们从生物学角度来了解这几类毒品： 阿片即“鸦片”,以罂粟的果实分泌的乳汁制成（封底图１、２）。古医书曾记载：“凡吸者面黑肩耸,两眼泪流,肠脱不吸而死。”可见鸦片危害之严重。 吗啡是从鸦片中提炼而成。它是鸦片中的主要成分,它的毒性比鸦片大１０～２０倍。吗啡为白色针状结晶或结晶性粉末,有苦味,遇光易…     

中国历史上的毒患与禁毒

毒品的出现和发展,与人类社会的历史密不可分。 在漫长而寂寞的古代、中世纪,后来被判定为毒品的鸦片、大麻等东西,都曾为人类的繁衍进化提供过帮助。古柯曾为印第安人创造了无比灿烂的文化与建筑助过一臂之力。而由罂粟果熬成的鸦片,作为良药的历史比作为毒品的历史要长得多。即使是后来人们谈虎色变的吗     

“鸦片”一词的由来

鸦片俗名大烟 ,是一种毒品。那么 ,鸦片一词是如何得名的呢？鸦片是用罂粟果的汁烘干制成。罂粟原先产于南欧及小亚细亚 ,在公元前五世纪左右 ,希腊人把罂粟的花或果榨汁入药。发现它有安神、安眠、镇痛、止泻、止咳、忘忧的功效 ,希腊人称其音为“阿扁”。公元六世纪初 ,阿拉件人把罂粟传到了波斯 ,波斯人变“扁”音为“片” ,称其为“阿片”。在公元七八世纪的时候 ,罂粟作为药材从印度等地传入中国 ,中国人把“阿”音又发成了“鸦”音。从此 ,在中国就有了“鸦片”一词“鸦片”一词的由来$江苏省灌云高级中学!(222200)@董淑昌…     

清代浙江罂粟种植考述

晚清是鸦片泛滥的时期,罂粟的种植也大量增加。浙江地区也不例外,其罂粟种植有一定的历史。宋朝已经作为花卉来栽培,清末罂粟再一次涌入并且大面积种植,其中以温州、台州地区种植面积最大。温台人在本地种植罂粟的同时,也到其他地区开地种植,把罂粟种植方法传播到其他地区。罂粟的大面积种植也对浙江的经济产生一定影响。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.