ANOTHER LOOK AT “CULTURAL FAIRNESS”1

Four definitions of “cultural fairness” are examined and found to be not only mutually contradictory (for reasons which are explained), but all based on the false view that optimum treatment of cultural factors in test construction or test selection can be reduced to completely mechanical procedures. If a conflict arises between the two goals of maximizing a test's validity and minimizing the test's discrimination against certain cultural groups, then a subjective, policy-level decision must be made concerning the relative importance of the two goals. The terms in which this judgment should be made are described, and methods are described for entering the result of this judgment into mechanical procedures for constructing a “culturally optimum” test. Such a test will not necessarily fit any of the four definitions of “cultural fairness.”     

LOOK AT ME NOW

为了给大家看到更好的一面。孝琳出道之后的酋张SOLO专辑准备时间超过了一年。虽然有过担心。但更多的是期待,而这种高人气的效应她还是做到了。     

A NEW LOOK AT INTELLIGENCE TESTING

The aim of the paper is to explore teachers’ methods of delivering an ethos of tolerance, respect and mutual understanding in one integrated secondary school in Northern Ireland. Drawing on interviews with 18 teachers in the school, it is argued that most teachers make ‘critical choices’ which both reflect and reinforce a ‘culture of avoidance’, whereby politically or religiously contentious issues are avoided rather than explored. Although teachers are well-intentioned in making these choices, it is shown that they have the potential to create the conditions that maintain or even harden psychological boundaries between Catholics and Protestants rather than dilute them.     

2NE1 LOOK AT ME

对于2NE1来说,现在是一个新的开始,发行了新的专辑之后是已经开始起航的世界巡回,她们正向全世界宣告自己的音乐态度。     

THE OPEN UNIVERSITY'S ROLE IN CONTINUING EDUCATION

This paper from the 1979 Conference, ‘Television In Society’, describes the Open University's extension of its original role into continuing education, not only in the areas of professional and in‐service training, but in community education. Short courses of novel design aim to satisfy particular personal or domestic needs. The implications of the work in community education, in particular, for future development of OU work in continuing education include: increased collaboration with outside bodies, and informal usage of courses by other agencies for their own purposes, so that it is questioned whether multi‐media courses or packages of learning materials are being created.     

CONTINUING EDUCATION: OPEN FOR ALL?

The paper (developed from one presented at the 1980 Conference of the Association) concerns itself with experience gained by the academic side of the Open University/BBC partnership. It concentrates upon the different roles in which broadcasting can be used and upon some of the ways in which broadcasting has been tackled in the past within an overall multi‐media package.

The different styles and approaches which could be made within the Open University Continuing Education division are considered.

Within this framework two important threads emerge. One is the need to provide further learning opportunities by the provision of additional educational materials. The second relates to the necessity of subjecting the knowledge claims of television to more rigorous assessment.     

PROGRAMME EVALUATION METHODS AT THE OPEN UNIVERSITY

The paper describes methodology developed at the Open University to overcome problems of programme evaluation in distance learning systems. Emphasis is placed upon the techniques of contextual evaluation, in which a selection of programmes is examined as representative of the course as a whole. Insights derived from such assessment into student response to educational media are discussed     

A SECOND LOOK AT ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE ON DICHOTOMOUS DATA

The work of Lunney (1970) concerning the appropriateness of analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques on dichotomous data is discussed and extended. Relations between standard statistical techniques for analyzing dichotomous data and ANOVA procedures are indicated. The need for usefulness of analyzing transformed data as opposed to direct analysis of dichotomous data are discussed. Required statistical procedures employing transformed data are outlined.     

RELIGIOUS EDUCATION AT THE EDGE OF HISTORY

This article suggests that religious education discourse in the future must be multilingual if it is to prepare people to participate in a postmodern world of religious diversity and secularism. Five “languages” are suggested, including those native to the religious education of particular religious communities, the language of interreligious education, the language of public religious education, a postreligion religious education language, and the language of academic religious education.     

CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AT UNIVERSITY LEVEL

The following article, which is based on the study carried out by Lars Emmelin (University of Lund) and conducted within the Council of Europe's programme on environmental education, proposes a classification system which can be of help in better planning and organization of environmental education at higher education institutions.