体能主导类耐力性项群训练原理

耐力性项群是奥林匹克竞技运动项目中的一个大家族。近百个项目（约占３０％）的运动方式各异：分别为走、跑、骑、游、划、滑,但运动特点却都是中长时间的持续性工作,比赛特点都是中、长距离的竞速。文中从项群层次概括了所有耐力性项目选手共有的竞技能力结构特征,运动成绩的决定因素及共同的训练内容、训练方法和负荷特点     

The carbon footprint of active sport participants

Researchers examining carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions (carbon footprint) in sport have focused on sport events and, to a lesser extent, sport teams, but provided only average or aggregate values. The author takes the perspective of active sport participants and considers the heterogeneity of individual sport participation behavior. Using online surveys, adult active sport participants (n = 6537) in 20 different sports with main residence in Germany were asked to report their sport-travel behavior in 2015, including traveling in the context of regular (weekly) activity, sport competitions/tournaments, league games, day trips, and training camps/vacations. Annual carbon footprints were estimated using information about travel distances and transportation means. The results revealed an average annual carbon footprint of 844 kg of carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions, with individual sports producing more emissions than team/racket sports. Participants in nature sports had the highest emission levels. Regression analyses revealed that environmental consciousness significantly reduced carbon footprint in individual sports, but not in team/racket and nature sports, supporting the existence of an environmental value-action gap. Activity years, club membership, weekly exercise hours, performance level, and income were mainly positively associated with annual carbon footprint, while gender was insignificant. The findings have implications for policy makers and managers in sport associations and clubs.     

Positive Pedagogy for sport coaching

The literature suggests that, despite some challenges in their implementation, player/athlete-centred, inquiry-based approaches to teaching games and coaching team sport can improve game playing ability, increase player/athlete motivation and provide positive affective experiences of learning. A range of these approaches, including Teaching Games for Understanding, Game Sense, Play Practice and the Tactical-Decision Learning Model vary in detail but share enough in common to be referred as game-based or game-centred approaches. This includes the central role that dialogue, reflection and purposeful social interaction play in facilitating learning and the deep understanding that they can promote. While these approaches are widely referred to as instructional models for teaching and coaching consideration of the common pedagogical features they share offers an alternative conception that creates possibilities for promoting the same positive learning outcomes in sports beyond team games. In this article, we examine the concept of Positive Pedagogy as an extension of Game Sense pedagogy beyond games and team sports to explore what it has to offer coaching across a range of sports.     

Toward sport reform: hegemonic masculinity and reconceptualizing competition

Hegemonic masculinity, a framework where stereotypically masculine traits are over-emphasized, plays a central role in sport, partly due to an excessive focus on winning. This type of masculinity marginalizes those that do not possess specific traits, including many women and men. I argue sport reform focused on mitigating hypercompetitive attitudes can reduce this harmful and marginalizing hegemonic masculinity in sport. I make this argument first by challenging the dichotomous nature of sport, especially in recognizing that all outcomes are a blend of winning and losing, that ties are relevant and informative outcomes to contests, and that winning and losing do not always tell accurate stories of the outcome. Secondly, I contend that expanding the potential outcomes in sport can help broaden the emphasis of competitive sport to take into account playing well and improving, in terms of both the test and the contest. I conclude that these reforms decrease hegemonic masculinity, making sport better for all.     

Sprints,Sports, and Suits

Philosophy of sport orthodoxy maintains the following three theses: (1) all sports (or all refereed sports) are games; (2) games are as Suits defined them; and (3) sprints are sports. This article argues that these three theses cannot be jointly maintained and offers exploratory thoughts regarding what might follow.     

Public policy,physical education and sport in English-speaking Africa

Background: Physicality in human movement characteristic of indigenous sporting forms in Africa is grounded in a multitude of cultures. During the period of colonial Africa, there was the introduction of British sporting forms, policies, and practices in schools and society. It was through schools and missions that the colonists introduced sport activities, with colonial administrators and officers prioritizing athleticism over other activities, evident in after-school sports and games. Thus, schools along with Christian missions served as the instruments of colonial education, culture, and sport, with resources allocated selectively to advance racialized and classist education.

Purpose: This paper explores how colonialism, particularly British forms of sport physicality, impacted African people and deconstructs how curriculum and teaching in physical education (PE) during the post-colonial era is lost to the politics of knowledge in the school–society nexus, revealing how the school curriculum serves as a contested terrain. This contestation discloses how colonial and post-colonial narratives intertwine to influence public policy and school practices in the development and implementation of PE curriculum.

Themes: Examination of the literature produced themes associated with stratification of school subjects and marginalization of PE in particular – the exam-oriented and elitist-oriented education – which characterized British Africa, and made British education part and parcel of policy development and implementation, influencing the nature of education, and PE in particular. The elitist education influenced public policy initiatives, frameworks, and corresponding reforms resulting in stratification of school subjects, the use of public school expenditure, and in the type of teacher training followed. In addition, negative school-wide practices became apparent with public policy, rules, and regulations being loosely coupled with school realities, leading PE to be considered as a ‘toothless subject' in the school curriculum. Besides physicality and learning in PE are not distinguishable from sporting forms and practices, bringing out the emphasis on competitive school sport that has been used to promote nation's prestige, social engineering, and economic development.

Conclusion: A development of way forward for PE in British Africa is considered critical and warranted for adequate development of children and youth and for promotion of the health welfare of society. PE plays a critical part in the nexus between education and development; including meeting individual and social welfare goals of post-colonial British Africa; and as such the needs of all children should be at the forefront of policy development and implementation. What is warranted is a development of a standard-based reform that is grounded in a strong formulated public policy that acknowledges diversity in the centralized system of education; with its implementation showing a balance of PE with after-school sport programs and incorporation of indigenous sporting forms.     

Fantasy sport and media interactivity

Media interactivity in the field of sport functions as both a lure and a way of transforming a viewer's relation to a game. Sport websites, along with the more traditional medium of television, have taken on the pedagogical task of acquainting a mass audience with a variety of sports and their rules, skills, histories and cultures, and by extension turning them into sport fans and consumers. Fantasy sport accentuates and intensifies, while also constituting a reaction against, this development: it can be seen as a form of escape from what many connoisseurs of sport doubtlessly consider sport has become: a commercialized, trivialized and hyperbolized media spectacle. At the same time, fantasy sport produces entirely new sets of relations between spectators as fans and sporting contests, and to a large extent transforms the visual regime of sport spectatorship.     

贵州少数民族传统体育项目分类及价值远景分析

由于贵州特殊的地理环境和人文环境,造就贵州少数民族的多样性、民族文化元素的多样性、民族体育文化特色的多样性。其传统体育项目有竞速类、竞力类、拳械类、棋类、健舞类、游戏类等。它们融健身、娱乐和竞技于一体,在节庆和大赛时充分展示贵州少数民族体育的特色和精神风貌。在"四在农家"创建活动中,贵州少数民族传统体育文化附载新的理念和内涵,它对推动贵州旅游产业、民族体育文化、竞技运动以及全民健身活动的蓬勃发展起着重要的促进作用。     

Shame in sport

ABSTRACT

To date, there has been little philosophical consideration of the concept of shame in sport, yet sport seems to be an environment conducive to the experience of shame due to its public and unequivocal nature demonstrating failure and success. Whilst much of the philosophical commentary of shame in sport suggests it acts as a quasi-virtue that holds the spirit of sport together and prevents cheating and other bad behaviour, I will argue that the real experience of shame (in contrast to embarrassment or guilt) is an adverse emotion, that undermines athlete well being and a good sports experience. This paper will provide an analysis of the concept of shame and its relation to other similar emotions, consider its ethical function, and evaluate its effect upon elite athletes in sport. I will conclude by arguing that those involved in sport need to recognise the destructive effect that shame can have upon individuals, how it can manifest itself in other negative emotions such as anger and depression and how sports authorities need to work harder to counter the pervasive and negative effects of shame in sport.     

以小城镇社区体育为中心发展农民体育

提出以小城镇社区体育作为突破口,发展农民体育的基本思路。小城镇的区位优势和先进的基础设施对农村及城市富余劳动力的吸纳和对周围乡村的集聚、辐射和带动功能以及城乡结合的社区文化和生活方式,决定了它在农民体育发展中的重要地位。建议政府要为发展农民体育创造良好的条件和氛围;加快建立和完善依托小城镇,面向农村的体育组织网络,培养体育骨干;利用当地学校和企事业单位的体育资源;引导农民利用地方特点和资源开展有特色的体育活动。     

Stratification of women's sport in contemporary China

Since economic reform in the 1980s, Chinese sport has undergone an extraordinary transformation. The most distinguishing phenomenon is the rapid growth of mass sport at the grassroots level with increasing demands for physical activities in women's daily lives. The rapid growth of women's sports participation at the grassroots is deeply embedded in the process of social stratification as a result of the urbanisation of Chinese society. The purpose of this paper is to use the socialist, feminist and theoretical framework to explore how Chinese women's different economic, educational, domestic and cultural situations shape their sports values and patterns of participation, marking social boundaries in Chinese urban communities. Semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted with 60 female physical exercisers in sports clubs, parks and neighbourhood playgrounds. Documentary research was also applied as a complement method to the interview. The findings indicate that within different classes (middle class, working class and a group who were unemployed), many different opportunities for and limitations on women to participate in sport are noticed. Chinese women have not fully and equally utilised sports opportunities created by urbanisation. Most Chinese women still live within patriarchal arrangements. Consequently, they do not completely fulfil their ambitions in sport.     

Towards a critical sport heritage: implications for sport tourism

ABSTRACT

This paper reflects upon the development and increased acceptance for heritage becoming a key component of sport tourism research. The original sport heritage typology, as posited by Ramshaw and Gammon [2005, More than just Nostalgia? Exploring the heritage/sport tourism nexus. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 10(4), 229–241], is re-examined through a more critical lens, revealing additional dimensions that help augment its key components. More specifically, it is argued that future studies should consider the more intangible features of sport heritage, as well as acknowledging the expanding global nature of sport and its impact upon fandom. Also, the case is made for research to explore the dissonance inherent in much of sports heritage, as well as determining where the power lies in allocating and championing current sport heritages. Lastly, the more general implications to the field of sport tourism are offered with particular regard to motivation, place, and consumption.     

社区体育资本与和谐社会

采用帕特南对社会资本的定义,提出社区体育资本的概念。研究认为,社区体育可以培育关系网络、规范和信任的社区社会资本,社会资本能够有效促进和谐社会构建。不能将社区社会资本等同于传统社会的"关系"。政府鼓励社区体育组织,营造全民健身运动的氛围,是培育社区体育资本的根本途径,社区社会资本存量少不能简单归因于群众自发社区体育活动少。     

长江三角洲地区大众的体育活动 参与度对体育价值观的影响

采用问卷调查法与数理统计法,剖析长江三角洲地区大众的多元化体育价值取向,研究体育活动参与度对体育价值观的影响.结果表明,有助于树立良好体育价值观的体育活动参与度为每周3～4次,每次1 h左右.在实施全民健身计划的过程中,应大力普及体育知识,引导居民树立科学、健康的体育价值观,尽最大努力调动大众参与体育活动的自觉性.     

Evaluating strategic periodisation in team sport

The planned peaking for matches or events of perceived greatest priority or difficulty throughout a competitive season is commonplace in high-level team sports. Despite this prevalence in the field, little research exists on the practice. This study aimed to provide a framework for strategic periodisation which team sport organisations can use to evaluate the efficacy of such plans. Data relating to factors potentially influencing the difficulty of matches were obtained for games played in the 2014 Australian Football League season. These included the match location, opposition rank, between-match break and team “form”. Binary logistic regression models were developed to determine the level of association between these factors and match outcome (win/loss). Models were constructed using “fixed” factors available to clubs prior to commencement of the season, and then also “dynamic” factors obtained at monthly intervals throughout the in-season period. The influence of playing away from home on match difficulty became stronger as the season progressed, whilst the opposition rank from the preceding season was the strongest indicator of difficulty across all models. The approaches demonstrated in this paper can be used practically to evaluate both the long- and short-term efficacy of strategic periodisation plans in team sports as well as inform and influence coach programming.     

我国两广城镇大众体育现状的比较研究

运用文献资料、问卷调查、现场访谈、比较分析等方法，针对我国广东、广西两省城镇在社会、经济、大众体育的组织管理、参加体育活动的价值取向、体育人口、参与健身活动项目、体育消费等方面的现状进行比较研究。研究表明，两广在发展大众体育中存在差异，对产生差距的原因进行分析，并提出了发展广西大众体育的对策与建议。     

阳光体育运动背景下高校运动会的改革

切实推动阳光体育运动是提高广大青少年学生及国民身体素质的重要举措。普通高校很好地落实这一举措尤为重要,不仅要在体育教学和课外体育活动中充分落实,还应该借助校运动会这一重要的体育活动,引导和推动阳光体育的落实,让大多数学生参与到校运会中,尽量避免极少数人参加校运会而大多数学生只能成为观众的现象,让校运会更好地为落实阳光体育运动服务。让阳光体育运动在高校得以真正实施。     

国际与我国体育临时仲裁的比较

通过国际体育临时仲裁与我国体育临时仲裁的性质、程序、法律适用等的比较分析,指出我国体育临时仲裁不能解决我国现行体育纠纷。提出建议:尽快建立起中国体育仲裁机构,出台《体育仲裁条例》对其进行规范;建立体育仲裁员选聘制度;选聘合格优秀的仲裁员;在构建体育仲裁程序时,设置一般程序、快速程序和调解程序等多种灵活方式。     

Social entrepreneurship in a sport policy context

This article investigates social entrepreneurship in relation to government state policies in Sweden and to the Swedish sports movement. Social entrepreneurship within sport comprises three elements that need to be qualified: the social element, entrepreneurship and sport. We wish to offer both a specific and a wider definition of social entrepreneurship in sport; specific in the sense that we try to define the concept theoretically, and wider in that we place the concept in a societal context where we relate it to different sectors in society. The method can be described as ethnographically inspired case studies. Four cases are presented. Previous research and the cases have helped us to formulate theses concerning ‘sport’ and ‘profit’ as means for social entrepreneurship, ‘social’ being normatively defined in the public sector, and entrepreneurial activities being understood as acts, crossing boundaries between the different sectors of society, leading to conflicts.