融合教育体系中的学科课程与教学课程建设———以师范院校“语文课程与教学”课程为例

融合教育需要融合学校和融合教育师资,融合教育师资的培养需要有适应融合教育的课程。“语文课程与教学”是师范院校小学教育和特殊教育专业的一门重要课程,为了适应融合教育师资培养的需要,必须对这门课程进行改革,构建新的课程体系,在课程性质、结构内容和课程资源建设各方面体现融合教育理念和语文教育特点,以区别于普通学校“语文课程与教学”和“特殊（聋、弱智、盲）学校语文课程与教学”,并把这门课程纳入融合教育师资培养的课程体系中。     

培养具有复合应用型硕士学位的特殊教育师资

国外中小学特殊教育普遍要求教师具有硕士学位。高中阶段特殊教育学校比普通高中更需要高层次、高学历的教师。在各类可能到特殊教育学校任职的人才中,复合型、应用型特殊教育硕士具有学科与特殊教育双重优势,能够面对个别差异大的教学对象,在实践中解决实际问题,完成复杂的教学任务。复合性应用型特殊教育硕士是特殊教育师资培养模式的创新,需要特殊教育院校与相关院校联合培养。     

构建可供学生选择的普通高中学校课程体系的实践研究

学生个性差异、学生自主发展需求已经成为我国普通高中教育面对的紧迫问题.围绕学生课程选择权的实现,北京十一学校以每一位学生的个性发展、自主发展为价值追求,以课程变革为抓手,构建了一套丰富多样的分层、分类、综合、特需课程体系,使学生的课程选择成为可能;而随着选课走班制的深入实施,带动了学校管理制度的全面重建,实现了学生课程选择权的真正落地,从而使可供学生选择的普通高中学校课程体系形成一个完整的系统.     

基于任务导向的中学校长培训课程研究

中学校长培训课程是为校长完成工作任务提供的专门知识体系和知识结构,应是任务导向的培训课程,其构建应以实践知识为主,以中学校长的工作结构为设计依据。目前,中学校长培训课程存在偏知识本位、知识广度不足、层次不清晰等问题。任务导向的中学校长培训课程具有统一性、层次结构性和实践操作性,门类设置采用模块制课程,分为基础课程模块、专题课程模块。在校长工作任务分析的基础上,对课程模块进一步分解,形成课程库。根据训前诊断,学员选择培训课程,将具有相同需求的校长组成学习共同体,共同设计课程学习方案。     

'My eyes went wide open'– an evaluation of the special needs education awareness course at Molepolole College of Education, Botswana

This article is an evaluation of the special needs education awareness course run at Molepolole College of Education, Botswana. The course directly reflects the Government of Botswana's policy on special education and seeks to provide students with a wide range of skills and knowledge to help them identify and support pupils with a variety of special needs. It also seeks to examine teachers' attitudes towards the inclusion of children with a wide range of learning support needs in the ordinary school. The evaluation was carried out by Gareth Dart, senior lecturer in the Department of Special Needs Education at Molepolole College of Education, who, in this article, reports the views of the first cohort of student graduates to complete the full course. This account also includes feedback from staff at schools who were involved with supervising the students as they did their special education assignments while on teaching practice. Feedback from the students and teachers is very positive in terms of the content and effect of the course although Gareth Dart suggests that a more thorough evaluation will have to wait until the graduates have been in the field some time. In the future, there will be a need to assess the long-term impact of the course upon the practice of teachers; to review the sustainability of this form of teacher education; and to make judgements about the influence that new generations of teachers have upon schools and policies promoting inclusion.     

The role of National Strategy Behaviour and Attendance consultants with regard to training and professional development in special educational needs

The year 2003 saw Behaviour and Attendance (B&A) consultants beginning work across the country, supporting (mostly) mainstream secondary schools. They are part of an extensive advisory team which is instrumental in improving standards in schools through the Government's Secondary National Strategy. Their brief was to develop and improve the systems, strategies and approaches for managing and improving behaviour and attendance, and thereby have a positive impact on learning and attainment. This approach has been confirmed in the fourth Steer Report which highlights improving behaviour and attainment via better understanding and provision for special educational needs and additional needs in mainstream schools. Each B&A consultant draws on their own strengths and strategies to work with school staff at many levels and support a wide range of focuses; some draw on their extensive experience of working with special educational needs and additional needs. This article provides an illustration of the role of such consultants specifically in relation to training and professional development in special educational needs or additional needs. It covers areas such as staff support, school management and systems, use of data and, of course, the social and emotional aspects of learning (SEAL).     

提高高职院校专业英语教学质量的思考

高职院校的专业英语课程是一门专业知识与英语应用有机结合的实用课程，有其自身的特点。了解高职院校专业英语课程的特点，找出当前高职院校专业英语教学的不足，是提高高职院校专业英语教学质量的关键。     

素质教育中的作文教学理念

中学作文教学的目标在现行的<中学语文教学大纲>中是十分明确的,但如何使那些目标变成现实,还有待对作文教学观念本身的理性思考.本文从四个层面提出了中学作文教学的理念关注学生的思维素质,健全学生的人格素质,培养学生的颖悟能力,注重教学手段的革新.     

Assessing the needs of training on inclusive education for public school administrators

This study assessed the needs of urban school leaders for special education preparation in a large public school district in the USA in order to assist the school administrators with improving their knowledge and skills for providing appropriate services to students with disabilities and their families to support inclusive education. The needs survey was created based on the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC 2009) standards for school administrators in the USA and the literature in special education. The validity and reliability of the instrument were verified. The needs assessment measures 10 aspects regarding special education knowledge and skills as indicated by 10 factors in the exploratory factor analysis. Quantitative data analyses on a sample of 289 participants revealed that there were significant differences in the needs of training in special education knowledge based on the school administrators’ backgrounds. The current research supports the call for the professional development and inclusive education for school leaders. The findings of the current study indicated that school leaders wanted the knowledge to make them more successful in serving students with disabilities to answer the call for inclusive education.     

New conceptualizations for special education

During their secondary school years, a considerable number of students seriously consider choosing between learning and leaving. Leaving school early means that students do not complete their education. Early school leaving is the last step in a process in which students gradually lose interest and develop the intention to leave school. This study focuses on students with special needs and the impact of their social relations with parents, teachers and peers on their intentions to leave school early. The sample for this study comprises 1873 typical students and 132 students with special needs aged 16 from secondary schools in a large region of Norway. The intention to leave early can be predicted by teacher support and by loneliness as an indicator for peer support. The findings suggest that especially peer support is, for all students, a key variable in staying motivated for school. For students with special needs, teacher support is also important to stay in school in the early years. Over time, however, the support from teachers becomes less important for students with special needs. They too become more dependent on support from peers.     

Responding to students' needs in special schools in Ireland and England: findings from two schools

As more students with special educational needs attend mainstream schools, it is critical that the role and operation of special schools be examined. This article reports on two case studies, one special school in England and one in Ireland, which formed part of a national review of the role of special schools and special classes in Ireland. Two students, in each case study school, were shadowed and observed during two‐day visits by the research team. These students, and everyone belonging to them, were interviewed and relevant documents were analysed. Findings are discussed in terms of responding to students' needs through: organization of teaching and learning, curriculum, leadership, specialist staff, collaboration and links outside the special school. The implications are considered with reference to research, policy and practice and the authors conclude that the evidence provides support for maintaining the special school as an integral part of the continuum of educational provision for students with special educational needs.     

本科院校发展高职教育的认识与思考

本文从国内外教育改革的趋势和社会市场对人才的需求，阐述高职教育是社会经济发展的需要，提出发展高职教育以转变教育思想观念为先导，以适应市场需要来设置专业。在办学过程中，要正确处理好与普通高等教育的关系，要突出高职教育特色的观点。     

Classroom behaviour management strategies in response to problematic behaviours of primary school children with special educational needs: views of special educational needs coordinators

Children identified with special educational needs (SEN) and behavioural difficulties present extra challenges to educators and require additional supports in school. This paper presents views from special educational needs coordinators (SENCos) on various strategies used by educators to support children identified with SEN and problematic behaviours. The data were collected from telephone interviews with six SENCos from the UK’s South West Peninsula. The SENCos were invited to participate because their school was participating in a cluster-randomised trial of a teacher classroom management course (Incredible Years). Using thematic analysis to analyse the data, this paper illustrates strategies deemed by SENCos to be successful in the support of children identified with SEN. The management strategies generated by participating SENCos were then mapped onto those taught as part of the classroom management course for comparison. Findings indicate that strategies from the training programme appear to be appropriate for children identified with both SEN and behavioural difficulties.     

中国特殊教育发展面临的六大转变

中国特殊教育纵向比较确实取得了令人瞩目的成就,不仅接受义务教育的残疾儿童数量显著增加,残疾学生学前教育、高中教育、高等教育、职业教育等也都取得了很大的发展。但面对日益发展的中国经济、日益提升的中国国际地位、国际特殊教育发展的新趋势和国内残疾人日益多样化的特殊需求,中国特殊教育要想健康发展,须完成六大转变：（1）在政策层面由特殊教育条例向特殊教育法律法规的转变;（2）特殊教育由三类残疾儿童教育向特殊需要儿童教育的转变;（3）特殊教育投入由单纯重视硬件投入向满足残疾儿童需要的转变;（4）教育形式由特殊学校教育逐渐向随班就读学校教育的转变;（5）学校教育建设重心由东部发达地区向中西部地区的转变;（6）师资培训方式由单一的特殊高校师资培养向普通大学开设特教专业培养方式的转变。     

Preparing German pre-service teachers in special needs education for school development—Can we do otherwise?

Although school development can be viewed as an emerging responsibility of teachers, special needs education in Germany does not leave sufficient room for non-teaching tasks, leading to a knowledge gap in the professionalisation of pre-service teachers with regard to school development upon entering the profession. This study focused on the preparedness of pre-service teachers in school development as a professional task at the end of their initial teacher training. The respondents of the interview study are 12 pre-service teachers enrolled at master level in special educational needs at a German university. The findings of the study report on the marginal situatedness of school development in the curriculum, the associated understanding of pre-service teachers of school development and their low assessment of the relevance of school development within special needs education. The study closes with practical recommendations on how to tackle the low level of preparedness for school development tasks in German teacher education.     

高等医药院校思想政治理论课案例教学法初探

文章针对高等医药院校的特殊校情和生情,探讨医药院校思想政治理论课案例教学的必要性和具体实施。实践表明,只有针对医药院校的实际情况进行案例的编写和组织实施,才能真正满足学生所需,提高学生兴趣,取得事半功倍的效果。     

Men in limbo: former students with special educational needs caught between economic independence and social security dependence

Individuals in their mid-thirties are expected to be employed and economically independent. However, people with disabilities and health problems – for example, former students with special educational needs (SEN) – may have problems in this domain of adult life. In Norway, individuals with SEN frequently rely on social security and support measures from the Norwegian Labour and Welfare Administration (NAV). This article is based on the narrative analysis of life course trajectories of seven young adult males over a period of 17 years – from their enrolment in upper secondary school with special needs teaching whilst in their teens to their participation in various NAV programmes whilst in their mid-thirties. The life course approach, with an emphasis on transitions and trajectories, has been used as the theoretical framework for analysing the presented data. The hope is that, taken together, these seven stories provide a deeper insight than one individual story could offer. We find that both social structures and the earlier life course affect one’s opportunities for joining the labour market.     

Affordances and limitations of a special school practicum as a means to prepare pre-service teachers for inclusive education

As education systems worldwide embrace inclusive education in some form, pre-service teachers need to be prepared to be pedagogically responsive to diverse students and learning needs. While much learning for inclusion takes place in course work in higher education institutions, field experiences, including practicum placements, can complement this learning. Using Loreman's [2010a. “Essential Inclusive Education-Related Outcomes for Alberta Preservice Teachers.” The Alberta Journal of Educational Research 56 (2): 124–142] seven areas of essential learning for inclusion, with the addition of Waitoller and Kozleski's [2010. “Inclusive Professional Learning Schools.” In Teacher Education for Inclusion, edited by C. Forlin, 65–73. London: Routledge] idea of ‘critical sensibilities’, this article considers the extent to which a practicum experience in a special school might contribute to learning for inclusion. The main findings of a small-scale qualitative study with 15 South African pre-service teachers suggest that the practicum placement exposes them to children with disabilities and learning difficulties, resulting in a growth of understanding of their learning needs. It also enhances pre-service teachers' ability to plan lessons and draw on a range of instructional strategies to enable learning for all. For some pre-service teachers, however, the practicum convinced them of the benefits of separate special education and the unfeasibility of inclusion. We conclude that a special school practicum has value for pre-service teachers, provided that opportunities are made available for critical engagement with the potential for both inclusion and exclusion of students with special educational needs in different types of school.     

Students with special educational needs: transitions from primary to secondary school

This article looks at the experiences of young people with Statements of special educational needs prior to and following moves from primary to secondary school. Pam Maras and Emma-Louise Aveling of the University of Greenwich, London, used interviews to develop six qualitative case studies focusing on the transition process. Findings from these case studies reveal that the young people varied in their expectations and needs during the transition to secondary school, and that schools differed in the quality and efficacy of the support systems they provide. Parents' and carers' responses suggest that additional support services were not necessarily the most beneficial way to provide for all of the young people. What did appear to be beneficial was continuity of support throughout the transition to a new school, and the provision of a dedicated space within the school, such as a special needs unit. Several of the young people adapted easily alongside their peers without special educational needs, while others required more structured support. Pam Maras and Emma-Louise Aveling suggest that effective communication between support services, the young person, and their parents can facilitate successful transitions by allowing support to be tailored to individual students' needs.     

营销学原理在成人职业技术学校管理中应用初探

成人职业技术教育是我国教育领域中最具市场化倾向的,在成人职校管理中应用营销学原理有利于争取更多的生源。应用时,既要把握原理的实质,又要结合职教的特殊性。要根据社会需求,确定和调整办学方向;根据自身优势,确定市场位置;以满足学生就业需求为目标,实行全程教育培训服务;及时向社会传递招生信息等。