e-Business usage across and within firms in the UK: profitability, externalities and policy

Using data from the third UK Community Innovation Survey we model the usage of e-business across and within firms in the UK in the year 2000 as a single observation upon an integrated process of inter- and intra-firm diffusion. The intra-firm dimension is a significant extension to standard analysis. The model estimates indicate that the pattern of e-business usage reflects the heterogeneity of firms in terms of size, other innovative activity and labour force skills (generating differences in the payoffs to use) as well as market and non-market intermediated externalities. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.     

Inter- and intra-firm effects in the diffusion of new process technology

Using primarily the example of Computerised Numerically Controlled Machine Tools (CNC) in the UK metalworking and engineering industry, it is shown that, even many years after the date of first use of a new technology, although the larger proportion of firms may be using that technology, because the extent of intra-firm diffusion is limited, the proportion of total industry output produced on that technology may be quite small. Using backward projection techniques it is further shown that intra-firm diffusion tends to lag behind inter-firm diffusion over the whole of the diffusion process and inter-firm diffusion patterns and extent may thus be poor indicators of overall diffusion. Although intra-firm diffusion is therefore crucial to the understanding of overall diffusion patterns the existing literature relating to it has severe limitations and there are no associated policy results. It is argued that much greater emphasis should be placed on intra-firm issues in future diffusion research. It is also suggested that discussions of intra-firm policy could usefully proceed within the context of already established general diffusion policy principles.     

软件技术扩散研究 ——以CiteSpace软件应用为例

[目的/意义]考察软件技术的扩散动态、发展阶段及关键路径,深入认识软件技术的扩散规律,促进软件技术的跨领域、跨学科传播。[方法/过程]选取Web of Science核心合集2004-2019年CiteSpace相关论文381篇,基于扩散指标、扩散曲线和扩散路径分析探寻以CiteSpace为例的软件技术在学科领域间的扩散规律,考察不同阶段的扩散状态并预测扩散趋势,识别扩散网络中的关键主路径及关键节点。[结果/结论]CiteSpace被广泛应用于多个研究领域,主要包括计算机科学、工程、图书情报学、商业与经济等,不同学科对应的扩散区间具有差异性,呈现学科之间的领先-滞后现象;相关引用论文和发表论文逐年增加,目前处于扩散曲线的起飞阶段,预计短期内其扩散速率会保持加速增长,影响力进一步扩大;关键主路径上的文献节点对软件技术扩散发挥了重要作用。     

The intra-firm diffusion of complementary innovations: Evidence from the adoption of management practices by British establishments

This paper presents a simple profitability-based decision model to show how synergistic gains generated by the joint adoption of complementary innovations may influence the firm's adoption decision. For this purpose a weighted index of intra-firm diffusion is built to investigate empirically the drivers of the intensity of joint use of a set of complementary innovations. The findings indicate that establishment size, ownership structure and product market concentration are important determinants of the intensity of use. Interestingly, the factors that affect the extent of use of technological innovations do also affect that of clusters of management practices. However, they can explain only part of the heterogeneity of the benefits from joint use.     

The effects of new technologies on productivity: An intrafirm diffusion-based assessment

This paper studies the impact of new technologies on productivity from the perspective of the technological diffusion literature. We argue that several stylised facts about the intrafirm diffusion process are not taken into account in most current research, which results in potentially erroneous conclusions. We critically assess different approaches that have been taken when studying the effects of technology adoption on productivity, and relate them to the main findings of the literature on technology diffusion with the aim of identifying the advantages of an intrafirm diffusion approach. We then conduct an empirical analysis on a sample that describes the diffusion of an innovation - the Automated Teller Machine - among Spanish savings banks from 1986 to 2004 in both its extensive (interfirm) and intensive (intrafirm) dimensions. Our results show that only the consideration of the intrafirm diffusion process is able to account for the contribution of the technology to productivity.     

多代竞争环境下政府补贴对绿色技术扩散的影响

建立政府补贴影响下的3代绿色技术扩散模型,用Matlab(2010b)拟合出不同潜在市场中每代绿色技术扩散的模拟图。分析结果表明:新技术的扩散率高于旧技术,政府补贴提高了每代技术的扩散率与扩散速度,也有利于促进绿色技术的升级扩散;同时,政府补贴在一定程度上弥补了不同技术之间的互补性或者创新性的差距,但政府补贴的积极影响只在技术进入市场的前期阶段效果显著,之后影响逐渐减弱。最后,根据所探究出的结论,为绿色技术的供给企业提出若干建议,以促进每代绿色技术达到最佳的扩散率。     

推进型企业在区域发展中的极化与扩散作用机理与效应分析——一个案例研究

本文以天津滨海新区摩托罗拉企业为案例,研究摩托罗拉成长过程中由前向联系、后向联系和旁侧联系所构成的极化效应;以及企业空间分散的纵向分解中,以企业生产、技术、信息等为媒介,对天津的扩张扩散和北京的飞地扩散影响,验证推进型企业对于区域发展的极化与扩散效应。     

专业虚拟社区情境下的绿色技术扩散网络研究

采用社会网络分析方法,考察环保论坛这一专业虚拟社区内的绿色技术扩散网络整体状况、网络中的技术信息流动及其受控情况以及信息交流中存在的小群体。研究发现社区内不同类型绿色技术的扩散网络发展不均衡,同时技术扩散整体水平偏低;社区成员间信息交流比较顺畅,但信息传递不够发散;少数核心成员在末端治理技术和绿色产品信息传播中占据主导地位,同时绿色技术信息在传递和交流中较少受到中介控制;社区成员在信息交流和互动中存在显著的群体分化。     

基于知识产权战略的企业技术创新扩散机制——以广西地区为例

试图在知识产权战略的平台之上建立相适应的技术创新扩散机制,分析了其形成过程,并指出企业技术创新扩散机制与其创新路径也有一定联系。选取合作创新路径下的企业技术创新扩散机制为例,为合作创新主体建立公平合理的扩散收益分配机制以保证企业技术创新扩散机制的顺利运作。     

国家中心城市技术扩散与区域经济增长——以北京、上海为例

利用2000~2009年中国大陆31个省域的面板数据,本文采用空间计量方法的空间误差模型和地理加权回归模型,测度了北京、上海两地的技术扩散对全国各区域经济增长的影响。研究表明:对于多数区域而言,来自北京、上海的技术扩散对区域经济增长存在促进作用,并且整体上看,来自北京技术扩散的总体影响要高于上海,但两个城市的影响均低于本地R&D、国外的技术扩散。同时,北京、上海的技术扩散效果随地理距离而发生变化。实证结果肯定了京沪作为国家中心城市对全国区域经济增长的引领作用。但京沪技术扩散弹性值总体较低,并且更多是对邻近区域的扩散,也表明京沪对外技术扩散辐射半径有限。     

Intrafirm diffusion of new technologies: an empirical application

Research on the diffusion of new technologies has centred on the study of the interfirm rate of diffusion, paying much less attention to intrafirm aspects. This paper attempts to overcome this gap in the literature by analysing the factors that influence the speed with which a new technology, the ATM, is fully adopted. The data over which the hypotheses are tested belongs to the Spanish savings banks market. The results show that the rate of intrafirm diffusion is explained by innovation, firm and market characteristics. In testing our hypotheses we make use of both traditional methods and survival analysis techniques.     

技术创新扩散及其壁垒:微观层面的分析

技术创新扩散的原动力始于企业对超额利润的追逐,但扩散壁垒的存在又限制了技术创新的扩散。本文认为微观层面的技术创新扩散壁垒包括信息壁垒和技术壁垒两个方面,且这两方面壁垒的动态变化决定了技术创新扩散过程的特点。论文以此为基础建立了有别于传统的Bass基本模型的新扩散模型,较好地解释了创新扩散过程的特点。     

政府管制对农产品质量安全技术扩散影响的实证研究

农产品质量安全的相关技术创新扩散是确保产品安全的关键,政府的管理与引导在此类技术扩散过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,本文基于5省12县373名农产品质量安全政府管理人员的调查,利用有序Probit模型,在实证分析农产品质量安全技术扩散过程中政府管制关键阶段的基础上,进一步研究了主要的管理因素对扩散关键阶段的影响,力求破解技术扩散过程中的政府管制活动这一传统理论分析的"黑箱"区域。结果表明,政府管制因素在农产品质量安全技术扩散的多个阶段产生显著影响,其中,在技术扩散初期的突破和跟从阶段影响最为明显; 影响管理者参与态度的多个变量对管制效果影响大;从政府参与技术扩散的具体管理手段来看,生产示范手段作用最为显著;就技术扩散管制的外部环境控制来看,区域特征明显,而舆论宣传并未发挥明显的促进作用;作为政府管制的框架性管理行为,制度的完善性和技术体系的适应性发挥显著作用。     

非均质后发大国技术空间扩散的影响因素——基于扩散系统的分析框架

非均质后发大国的异质性决定了技术空间扩散系统对技术空间扩散具有重要影响.以技术空间扩散系统中扩散源、扩散汇和扩散环境为分析框架,技术空间扩散受到空间距离、技术差距、产业联系和政府四大因素影响.其中,空间距离所产生的空间依赖性和产业联系与技术扩散正相关,技术差距与技术扩散负相关.政府在资金投入上存在的结构性差异使得政府实现的社会应用成果并不明显,因此,政府对技术空间扩散在政策方向和执行力度上的支持有待进一步提高.     

基于结构方程模型的复杂产品系统技术扩散影响因素分析

为了探究复杂产品系统技术扩散的影响因素及其之间的关系,在分析复杂产品系统技术扩散的影响因素的基础上提出假设,应用结构方程方法构建复杂产品系统技术扩散影响因素的结构方程模型,结合问卷调查结果运用结构方程模型分析验证假设,并通过模型计算路径系数。结果表明企业能力、环境因素和技术本身因素三者相互影响,并对复杂产品系统的技术扩散有显著性影响。     

基于产业网络的创新扩散机制研究

创新的真正价值在于其在产业网络上的扩散。影响创新在产业网络上扩散的因素有网络的拓扑结构和创新的扩散规则。产业网络是具有无标度特性和小世界特性的复杂网络,其结构对创新扩散的阈值、路径长度以及企业地位和创新分享有不同的影响;基于企业进行技术创新的成本以及对待技术创新风险的态度,本文还给出了产业网络上的"技术创新雪崩"扩散模型,并进一步作了分析。     

International technology transfers and international technology payments: Definitions,measurement and firms' behaviour

This paper deals with some methodological issues related to the recording and measurement of international transfers of technology by technological balances of payments. Because technology can circulate internationally under many guises, in the form of goods, services or scientific and technical information it is necessary to define the international transfer of technology, as part of the overall circulation of technology. Furthermore it appears that technological balances of payments include other components beside the technology payments linked to international transfers strictly speaking. But conversely there exist technology transfers which are not recorded at all. Section 2 of the article is devoted to definition and interpretation issues so as to ascertain to what extent technological balances of payments correspond to international transfers of technology. Section 3 examines how technology transfers, once recorded, are measured. Measurement problems cover three issues: the transfer price, the economic value of technology transferred and the national significance of the flows recorded. These issues are examined with reference to the technology market and the firm's behaviour at the international level. Special features of technology as an intangible asset explain the ways in which it is traded and particularly the extent of intra-firm transfers taking place inside the multinational enterprises: this may eventually be related to the “transactional approach” to the multinational enterprises. Recent trends in international technology payments as well as international direct investments are then examined. In conclusion, the article provides some recommendations concerning the possible improvement and interpretation of technological balance of payments as a partial indicator of the international diffusion of technology.     

从科学到技术的知识传播机理研究：基于知识基因

基础研究是技术创新的重要源泉。从基础研究到技术创新的知识转化规律具有重要的理论与实践价值。鉴于以往研究中专利引文方法的局限性,本研究基于知识基因这种特殊知识单元,从知识内容流动的视角,定量研究从科学到技术的知识传播机理。以人工智能技术为研究案例,识别技术领域的知识基因和专利引用的5个关键基础学科,研究各学科与技术领域的知识关系。通过构建知识基因的传播级联网络模型,对知识基因从科学到技术的跨领域传播模式进行分析。研究发现,相比于专利科学引文,知识基因流动能够揭示从各学科到技术领域的更加真实的知识传播关系;知识基因的短期影响力水平与来源学科有关;知识基因从科学到技术的跨领域传播受到马太效应影响;受异质性知识组合效应的影响,跨领域知识基因在传播网络规模、寿命、影响力及创新“催化”能力方面优于技术领域一般知识基因,后者的产生速度和传播速度则更快。研究结论为进一步深入探究从基础研究到技术创新的知识转化规律提供了微观层面的理论基础,同时,对新兴技术领域的创新预测、基础学科布局以及科技政策的制定具有一定参考价值。     

同行业不同发展阶段产业集群内技术扩散对比研究——以山东临朐和广东大沥铝型材产业集群为例

发达国家的理论观点认为,随着产业集群内部企业之间人员流动和知识交流,集群内部企业间的互动学习效应会得到增强。本文通过对临朐和大沥两个处于不同发展阶段的铝型材产业集群的对比分析,探讨集群中技术扩散过程。结果表明,与现有的集群理论观点相左,在集群发展尚处于早期的临朐,集群内部技术学习效应明显,但在相对成熟的大沥镇企业间的学习效应却并不显著。这是因为企业间的相互学习主要不是为了实现技术突破,而更多的是对现有技术的模仿和追赶。正是这种企业行为特征决定了S型的扩散曲线在发展中国家集群中的适用性。由此,集群内部的技术扩散过程应成为理解集群形成的重要视角。     

Measuring knowledge spillovers: What patents, licenses and publications reveal about innovation diffusion

Measurement of knowledge spillovers remains an important challenge. While patent citation analyses are one common empirical approach, questions persist about their efficacy and potential biases. In an effort to assess various measures of knowledge diffusion, this paper compares patent data surrounding recombinant DNA technology to licenses and publications building on the same technology. Evaluation of these measures highlights errors of both omission and over-representation in each measure, and reveals potential biases tied to organizational age and location. The results suggest that studies of knowledge diffusion can be strengthened dramatically by drawing upon multiple indicators.